<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2019-4-67-145-160</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-1001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Турция</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. Turkey</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Системный кризис американо-турецких отношений при Д. Трампе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Systemic Crisis in the US-Turkish Relations Under the Presidency of D. Trump</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Андреевич Давыдов – научный сотрудник Центра ближневосточных исследований.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Профсоюзная д. 23.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Davydov – Research Fellow at the Center for the Middle East Studies.</p><p>23 Profsoyuznaya street, Moscow, 117997.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">adavydov@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>145</fpage><lpage>160</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Давыдов А.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Давыдов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Davydov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/1001">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/1001</self-uri><abstract><p>Отношения США и Турции – двух военно-политических союзников Организации Североатлантического договора (НАТО) – переживают беспрецедентный за свою историю кризис. Его глубина и масштаб настолько значительны, что он затрагивает как аспекты долгосрочного развития внешнеполитических стратегий обоих государств, так и проблемы военно-технического сотрудничества и выстраивания единой архитектуры безопасности.</p><p>Автор статьи ставит вопрос: насколько современный кризисный этап развития американо-турецких отношений является системным? Насколько высока вероятность, что он окажется долговременным? Для ответа на этот вопрос исследование разделено на две части.</p><p>В первой анализируется эволюция американских подходов к позиционированию Турции в основах внешней политики США, практика и проблемы их реализации с окончания Второй мировой войны и до современности. С помощью системноисторического подхода на основе анализа динамики позиционирования Турции во внешнеполитической стратегии США и трансформации политических, экономических и военных аспектов двусторонних отношений с момента их институционализации в качестве союзных автором выделяются два этапа этой эволюции. В рамках первого в видении Соединённых Штатов Турция представляется в качестве одной из ключевых стран на пути сдерживания расширения влияния Советского Союза на юг в сторону Персидского залива и Суэцкого канала. Автор отмечает, что к окончанию биполярной конфронтации Турция фактически утрачивает прежнее функциональное предназначение в логике холодной войны. На втором этапе Турция позиционируется как один из ключевых союзников НАТО, геостратегическое расположение которого можно использовать для проведения американских национальных интересов в сопредельных регионах. В видении автора двусторонние отношения постепенно отходят от подобной модели взаимодействия по мере укрепления турецкого стремления к диверсификации зарубежных связей и накопления противоречий между Вашингтоном и Анкарой из-за разновекторности их внешнеполитических стратегий.</p><p>Во второй части анализируются противоречия в американо-турецких отношениях при президенте Д. Трампе по широкому спектру сфер: в области политического, военно-политического и торгово-экономического взаимодействия.</p><p>Автор приходит к выводу, что современный кризис является системным, так как, во-первых, существующие проблемы стали затрагивать значимые элементы военно-технической инфраструктуры отношений, во-вторых, эти проблемы затруднительно разрешить без переформатирования взаимодействия как между равнозначными субъектами международных отношений, в-третьих, на уровне экспертного и политического сообществ отсутствуют подходы по качественному переосмыслению союзнического статуса американо-турецких отношений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relations between the United States and Turkey, the two military-political allies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), are experiencing an unprecedented crisis in their history. Its depth and scale is so significant that it affects the long-term foreign policy strategies of both countries, as well as the process of building a unified security architecture. In the study the author raises a question to what extent the current crisis in the US-Turkish relations is systemic? How high is the probability that it will turn out to be a long-term one? To answer this question, the study is divided into two parts.</p><p>The first part analyzes the evolution of American approaches to Turkey in US foreign policy, the implementation of these approaches since the end of World War II till nowadays. On the basis of a system-historical approach, the author analyses the evolution the Turkey’s strategic positioning in the US foreign policy strategy and the transformation of political, economic and military relations between the two states since the moment of their institutionalization. The author distinguishes two stages of this evolution. During the first one, for the United States Turkey was one of the key countries that was blocking the Soviet expansion southward towards the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The author notes that by the end of the bipolar confrontation, Turkey was de-facto losing its functional purpose in the logic of the Cold War. During the second stage, the US regards Turkey as one of the key NATO allies, whose geo-strategic location can be used for pursuing American national interests in the nearby regions. Author posits, that bilateral relations are gradually moving away from such a model of interaction. This happens because of the Turkish desire to diversify foreign relations and accumulation of contradictions between Washington and Ankara due to the divergence of their foreign policy strategies.</p><p>The second part analyzes the contradictions in the American-Turkish relations under the presidency of Donald Trump on political, military and economic issues. The author comes to the conclusion that the crisis is indeed a systemic one. Firstly, the existing problems began to affect significant elements of the military-technical infrastructure of their relations. Secondly, it is difficult to resolve these problems without reformatting the interaction as between equivalent actors of international relations. Thirdly, the expert and political communities have not presented any kind of a new approach to rethink the allied status of American-Turkish relations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Турция</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>американо-турецкие отношения</kwd><kwd>системный кризис</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>внешнеполитическая стратегия США</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Turkey</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>US-Turkish relations</kwd><kwd>systemic crisis</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>US foreign policy strategy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ближний Восток. 2018. Россия и мир: 2019. Экономика и внешняя политика. Ежегодный прогноз. Рук. проекта А.А. Дынкин, В.Г. Барановский. Москва: ИМЭМО РАН. 170 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Athanassopoulou E. 2001. American-Turkish Relations Since the End of the Cold War. Middle East Policy. No. 3. P. 144-164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государство, общество, международные отношения на мусульманском востоке. 2014. Москва: ИВ РАН, Крафт+. 556 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avey P. 2012. Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War. International Security. No. 4. P. 151-188. DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00079</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Надеин-Раевский В.А. 2013. Внешняя политика Турции: ветры перемен. – Мировая экономика и международные отношения. № 2. С. 84-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkey H.J. 2019. The Kurdish Awakening. Foreign Affairs. No. 2. P. 107-118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свистунова И.А. 2016. В поисках новой модели: отношения Турции и США в сфере безопасности. Вестник МГИМО-Университета. № 2. С. 53-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan B., Diez T. 1999. The European Union and Turkey. Survival. No. 1. P. 41-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Athanassopoulou E. 2001. American-Turkish Relations Since the End of the Cold War. Middle East Policy. No. 3. P. 144-164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Çakır A. 2016. The United States and Turkey's Path to Europe: Hands across the Table. London: Routledge. 326 p. DOI: 10.4324/9781315643571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avey P. 2012. Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War. International Security. No. 4. P. 151-188. DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00079</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cook A. 2018. Neither Friend nor Foe: The Future of U.S.-Turkey Relations. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. 28 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barkey H.J. 2019. The Kurdish Awakening. Foreign Affairs. No. 2. P. 107-118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coufoudakis V. 1985. Greek-Turkish Relations, 1973-1983: The View from Athens. International Security. No. 4. Р. 185-217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan B., Diez T. 1999. The European Union and Turkey. Survival. No. 1. P. 41-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CSIA European Security Working Group. Instability and Change on NATO's Southern Flank. 1978-1979. International Security. No. 3. P. 150-177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Çakır A. 2016. The United States and Turkey's Path to Europe: Hands across the Table. London: Routledge. 326 p. DOI: 10.4324/9781315643571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danforth N., Misztal B., Michek J., Gingeras R. 2017. Power and Corruption in Erdogan’s Turkey: Context and Consequences. Washington, D.C.: Bipartisan Policy Center.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cook A. 2018. Neither Friend nor Foe: The Future of U.S.-Turkey Relations. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. 28 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ecevit B. 1978. Turkey's Security Policies. Survival. No. 5. P. 203-208. DOI: 10.1080/00396337808441766</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coufoudakis V. 1985. Greek-Turkish Relations, 1973-1983: The View from Athens. International Security. No. 4. Р. 185-217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hill F., Taspinar O. 2006. Turkey and Russia: Axis of the Excluded? Survival. No. 1. P. 81-92. DOI: 10.1080/00396330600594256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CSIA European Security Working Group. Instability and Change on NATO's Southern Flank. 1978-1979. International Security. No. 3. P. 150-177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howard H. 1976. The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations. Middle East Journal. No. 3. P. 291-310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danforth N., Misztal B., Michek J., Gingeras R. 2017. Power and Corruption in Erdogan’s Turkey: Context and Consequences. Washington, D.C.: Bipartisan Policy Center.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson L., Inonu I. 1966. President Johnson and Prime Minister Inonu. Middle East Journal. No. 3. P. 386-393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ecevit B. 1978. Turkey's Security Policies. Survival. No. 5. P. 203-208. DOI: 10.1080/00396337808441766</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanat K., Ustun K. 2015. U.S.-Turkey Realignment on Syria. Middle East Policy. No. 4. P. 88-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hill F., Taspinar O. 2006. Turkey and Russia: Axis of the Excluded? Survival. No. 1. P. 81-92. DOI: 10.1080/00396330600594256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karagöz M. 2004. US Arms Embargo against Turkey after 30 Years – An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making. Perceptions. No. 4. P. 107-130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howard H. 1976. The Bicentennial in American-Turkish Relations. Middle East Journal. No. 3. P. 291-310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalilzad Z. 1979-1980. The Superpowers and the Northern Tier. International Security. No. 3. P. 6-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson L., Inonu I. 1966. President Johnson and Prime Minister Inonu. Middle East Journal. No. 3. P. 386-393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larrabee F.S. 2010. Turkey's New Geopolitics. Survival. No. 2. P. 157-180. DOI: 10.1080/00396331003764686</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanat K., Ustun K. 2015. U.S.-Turkey Realignment on Syria. Middle East Policy. No. 4. P. 88-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lesser I. 2006. Turkey, the United States and the Delusion of Geopolitics. Survival. No. 3. P. 83-96. DOI: 10.1080/00396330600905460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karagöz M. 2004. US Arms Embargo against Turkey after 30 Years – An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making. Perceptions. No. 4. P. 107-130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menon R., Wimbush S. 2007. The US and Turkey: End of an Alliance? Survival. No. 2. P. 129-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalilzad Z. 1979-1980. The Superpowers and the Northern Tier. International Security. No. 3. P. 6-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams III H. 2019. Turkey and America: East &amp; West – Where the Twain Meet. New Degree Press. 644 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larrabee F.S. 2010. Turkey's New Geopolitics. Survival. No. 2. P. 157-180. DOI: 10.1080/00396331003764686</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blizhnii Vostok [The Middle East]. 2018. – Rossiya i mir: 2019. Ekonomika i vneshnyaya politika. Ezhegodnyi prognoz [Russia and The World: 2019. Economy and Foreign Policy. Annual Forecast]. Ed. by A.A. Dynkin, V.G. Baranovskii. Moscow: IMEMO RAN. 170 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lesser I. 2006. Turkey, the United States and the Delusion of Geopolitics. Survival. No. 3. P. 83-96. DOI: 10.1080/00396330600905460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gosudarstvo, obshchestvo, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya na musul'manskom vostoke [State, Society, International Relations in the Muslim East.]. 2014. Moscow: IV RAN, Kraft+. 556 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menon R., Wimbush S. 2007. The US and Turkey: End of an Alliance? Survival. No. 2. P. 129-144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadein-Raevskii V.A. 2013. Vneshnyaya politika Turtsii: vetry peremen [Turkey's Foreign Policy: Winds of Change]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. No. 2. Р. 84-92. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams III H. 2019. Turkey and America: East &amp; West – Where the Twain Meet. New Degree Press. 644 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svistunova I.A. 2016. V poiskakh novoi modeli: otnosheniya Turtsii i SShA v sfere bezopasnosti [In Search of a New Model: the Relations Between Turkey and USA in The Field of Security]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. No. 2. P. 53-61. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
