mgimoreviewВестник МГИМО-УниверситетаMGIMO Review of International Relations2071-81602541-9099MGIMO Universty Press10.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-7-39mgimoreview-1478Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Трансформация системы международных отношенийRESEARCH ARTICLES. Transformation of international systemПоправка Джексона-Вэника и развитие советско-американских отношений в 1972-1975 гг.Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975ЮнгблюдВ. Т.YungblyudV.

Валерий Теодорович Юнгблюд – доктор исторических наук, профессор

610000, г. Киров, ул. Московская, д. 36

Valery T. Yungblud – Doctor of History, Professor, President

Moskovskaya str., 36, 610000, Kirov

yungblud@vyatsu.ruИльинД. В.IlyinD.

Дмитрий Владимирович Ильин – кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории и политических наук

610000, г. Киров, ул. Московская, д. 36

Dmitriy V. Ilyin – PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Chair of History and Political Sciences

Moskovskaya str., 36, 610000, Kirov

dimahist@mail.ruВятский государственный университетРоссияVyatka State UniversityRussian Federation202028042020132739Copyright © Юнгблюд В.Т., Ильин Д.В., 20202020Юнгблюд В.Т., Ильин Д.В.Yungblyud V., Ilyin D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/1478

Статья посвящена одному из ключевых сюжетов периода разрядки – истории разработки и принятия поправки Джексона-Вэника к Закону о торговле 1974 г. Подробно рассмотрены обстоятельства внесения поправки в Палату представителей и Сенат Конгресса США и формирования на основе её положений двухпартийного антисоветского большинства. Показано значение проблемы прав человека в СССР, в частности права на эмиграцию, для развития американо-советских отношений на пике разрядки. Особое внимание уделено трехсторонним переговорам между советским руководством, администрациями Никсона и Форда и законодателями во главе с сенатором Генри Джексоном. В 1973-1974 гг. и Кремль, и администрация США продемонстрировали готовность к уступкам, однако приемлемого для обеих сторон решения так и не удалось достичь. Принятая в декабре 1974 г. поправка создала серьезные препятствия для развития торгово-экономических отношений сверхдержав, а также имела ряд негативных политических последствий. Поправка конституировала проблему прав человека в СССР в качестве одного из важных компонентов внешнеполитического курса США, создала негативный фон для американо-советского диалога, существенно затруднивший наметившееся сближение сверхдержав и способствовавший свертыванию разрядки.

The article is devoted to one of the key subjects of the detente period – the history of development and adoption of Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. The significance of the human rights problem in the USSR, in particular – the right to emigrate, for the development of American-Soviet relations at the peak of detente is shown. Special attention was paid to trilateral negotiations between the Soviet leadership, Nixon and Ford administrations and the legislators headed by Senator Henry Jackson. The Amendment, adopted in December 1974, created serious obstacles for the development of trade and economic relations between the superpowers, and it had a number of negative political consequences also. The Amendment constituted the issue of human rights in the USSR as one of the important components of the U.S. foreign policy, created a negative background for the American-Soviet dialogue, which significantly complicated the outlined convergence of superpowers and contributed to the curtailment of detente.

The political struggle around the Jackson-Vanik Amendment became the quintessence of detente. Each of the parties involved regarded the Amendment differently: Soviet leaders saw it as a rude interference in the internal affairs of the USSR; Kissinger saw it as an untimely and too radical in form and methods attempt to transform the Soviet system; Jackson saw it as a good way to increase his popularity by exploiting a popular in the post-Vietnam era theme that was naturally consistent with American national values and traditions. Both the Kremlin and Jackson had a fairly clear set of concessions that they could make. However, in the context of the systemic crisis of power caused by Watergate, the US administration did not have enough resources to bring them to a common denominator. The Soviet leadership soon also faced new economic and political challenges, and the problem of restoring trade relations with the United States ceased to be a priority.

The Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974 became the watershed separating the “high détente” from its downward phase. Its real significance far exceeded its immediate meaning embedded in the arguments of its creators. It was not an accident that the Amendment was not canceled in 1987 after the USSR liberated its emigration policy. After the collapse of the USSR American leadership used it as a political leverage against Russian Federation. Boris Yeltsin appealed to Bill Clinton multiple times in 1993-1994 requesting removal of discrimination measures in trade and economic relations inherited from the soviet times. The Amendment was not cancelled it was only temporarily suspended. It was officially canceled only in 2012, but only in order to give way to a law that allows the United States, at its discre tion, to impose sanctions on individuals allegedly responsible for human rights violations in Russia (the so-called Magnitsky Act) and remains an obstacle to the development of equal Russian-American economic ties.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.