<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2021-2-77-22-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-2837</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. ﻿﻿Мировая политика и экономика в эпоху коронавируса</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. World politics and economy in the era of coronavirus</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политический дискурс стигматизации Китая в контексте пандемии COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political Discourse on China's Stigmatization in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арсентьева</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arsentyeva</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Ильинична Арсентьева – доктор политических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>620108, Россия, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Софьи Ковалевской, д.16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina I. Arsentyeva – Doctor of Political Science, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher</p><p>16 Sofia Kovalevskaya Street, Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">airen1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт философии и права Уральского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Арсентьева И.И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арсентьева И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arsentyeva I.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/2837">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/2837</self-uri><abstract><p>Пандемия COVID-19 повлекла за собой повышение исследовательского интереса к процессам социальной стигматизации. Понятие «стигма» входит также и в политический дискурс, что доказывают, в частности, выступления председателя КНР Си Цзиньпина, в которых он призывает отказаться от дальнейшей политизации и стигматизации проблемы. В этой связи основной целью настоящей статьи является анализ корреляции «коронавирус – стигматизация» не только с традиционной точки зрения (стигмы, связанные с определёнными заболеваниями), но и в контексте мировой политики. Для объяснения природы социальной стигматизации автором использованы теории эволюционной психологии, управления страхом смерти и социальной идентичности. Для анализа процессов, происходящих в сфере международных отношений, применены некоторые положения концепций изгоизации, лидерства, биополитики. Источниковую базу исследования составили документы Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) и «Группы семи» (G7), заявления официальных представителей ООН и ВОЗ, выступления председателя КНР Си Цзиньпина и президента США Дональда Трампа, данные опросов общественного мнения, публикации в средствах массовой информации. В ходе исследования автором получен ряд научных результатов: систематизированы работы по стигматизации на почве COVID-19, выделены рассматриваемые в них проблемы и исследовательские лакуны; обобщены последствия социальной стигматизация в связи с появлением нового коронавируса; выявлены некоторые отличия стигматизации в пандемийный период от стигматизации в связи с другими заболеваниями; предложено рассмотрение процессов стигматизации в связи с COVID-19 не только на уровне межличностных интеракций, но и в международных отношениях; определено возможное влияние пандемии на положение КНР на мировой арене. Сделан вывод о том, что подобный исследовательский подход позволяет по-новому взглянуть на возможность восстановления связей между государствами и их гражданами в постковидную эпоху, а также оценить вероятность смены мирового лидера. В заключительной части статьи спрогнозированы возможные пути развития ситуации и намечены перспективы дальнейшего исследования проблемы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased interest in studying social stigma. The concept of stigma is also included in political discourse, as evidenced, among other things, by Xi Jinping’s speeches, in which the Chinese President urges to abandon further politicization and stigmatization of COVID-19. In this regard, the main aim of the article is to analyze the correlation between the novel coronavirus and stigmatization, not only from the traditional point of view (stigma associated with certain diseases), but also in terms of world politics. To explain the nature of social stigma, the author relies on evolutionary psychol- ogy, terror management theory and social identity theory. To analyze ongoing processes in international relations, some provisions of “rogue states” concept, leadership theories, and biopolitics are applied. The primary sources are documents of the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO) and the Group of Seven (G7), statements by UN and WHO officials, speeches of Chinese President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump, public opinion polls, and media publications. During the course of the study, the following scientific results were ob- tained: the works on COVID-19-related stigma have been systematized, the issues consid- ered in them and research gaps are highlighted; the consequences of stigma due the novel coronavirus have been summarized; some differences between stigma during the pandem- ic and stigma associated with other diseases are also identified; it is suggested to consider COVID-19 stigma not only at the level of interpersonal interactions, but also in international relations; the possible impact of the pandemic on the China’s role on the world stage has been revealed. It is concluded that this research approach allows to take a fresh look at the possibility of restoring ties between states and their citizens in a post-COVID-19 world, as well as to assess the likelihood of a change of global leader. In the final part of the article, possible ways of further development of the situation are predicted and prospects for study on the issue are outlined.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>межличностные интеракции</kwd><kwd>социальная стигматизация</kwd><kwd>стигмы на по- чве COVID-19</kwd><kwd>опыт Китая в борьбе с эпидемией</kwd><kwd>QR-код здоровья</kwd><kwd>лидерство в междуна- родных отношениях</kwd><kwd>американо-китайское противостояние</kwd><kwd>постковидный мир</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interpersonal interactions</kwd><kwd>social stigma</kwd><kwd>COVID-19-related stigma</kwd><kwd>China’s anti-epidemic experience</kwd><kwd>health QR code</kwd><kwd>leadership in international relations</kwd><kwd>US-China confrontation</kwd><kwd>post- COVID-19 world</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adja K.Y.C., Golinelli D., Lenzi J., Fantini M.P., Wu E. 2020. Pandemics and Social Stigma: Who’s Next? Italy’s Experience with COVID-19. Public Health. №185. P. 39-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adja K.Y.C., Golinelli D., Lenzi J., Fantini M.P., Wu E. 2020. Pandemics and Social Stigma: Who’s Next? Italy’s Experience with COVID-19. Public Health. №185. P. 39-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.054</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agamben G. 2017. Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life. The Omnibus Homo Sacer. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 1-160. DOI: 10.1515/9781503603158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agamben G. 2017. Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life. The Omnibus Homo Sacer. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 1-160. DOI: 10.1515/9781503603158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akiba D. 2020. Reopening America’s Schools during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protecting Asian Students from Stigma and Discrimination. Frontiers in Sociology. №5. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.588936.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akiba D. 2020. Reopening America’s Schools during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protecting Asian Students from Stigma and Discrimination. Frontiers in Sociology. №5. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.588936.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Astha K.V. 2020. The Stigma Story of COVID-19 in India. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry. 36(5). P. 46-48. DOI: 10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_287_20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astha K.V. 2020. The Stigma Story of COVID-19 in India. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry. 36(5). P. 46-48. DOI: 10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_287_20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagcchi S. 2020. Stigma during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(7). P. 782. DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30498-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagcchi S. 2020. Stigma during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(7). P. 782. DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30498-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker H.S. 1963. The Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press. 179 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker H.S. 1963. The Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press. 179 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhanot D., Singh T., Verma S.K., Sharad S. 2021. Stigma and Discrimination during COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhanot D., Singh T., Verma S.K., Sharad S. 2021. Stigma and Discrimination during COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattacharya P., Banerjee D., Rao T.S. 2020. The “Untold” Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and Its Consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 42(4). P. 382-386. DOI: 10.1177/0253717620935578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattacharya P., Banerjee D., Rao T.S. 2020. The “Untold” Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and Its Consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 42(4). P. 382-386. DOI: 10.1177/0253717620935578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black S.P. 2020. Communicability, Stigma, and Xenophobia during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Language, Culture and Society. 2(2). P. 242-251. DOI: 10.1075/lcs.00028.bla.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black S.P. 2020. Communicability, Stigma, and Xenophobia during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Language, Culture and Society. 2(2). P. 242-251. DOI: 10.1075/lcs.00028.bla.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budhwani H., Sun R. 2020. Creating COVID-19 Stigma by Referencing the Novel Coronavirus as the “Chinese Virus” on Twitter: Quantitative Analysis of Social Media Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 22(5). DOI: 10.2196/19301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budhwani H., Sun R. 2020. Creating COVID-19 Stigma by Referencing the Novel Coronavirus as the “Chinese Virus” on Twitter: Quantitative Analysis of Social Media Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 22(5). DOI: 10.2196/19301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burki Т. 2020. China’s Successful Control of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(11). P. 1240-1241. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burki Т. 2020. China’s Successful Control of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20(11). P. 1240-1241. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croker J., Major B. 1989. Social Stigma and Self-Esteem: The Self-Protective Properties of Stigma. Psychological Review. 96(4). P. 608-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croker J., Major B. 1989. Social Stigma and Self-Esteem: The Self-Protective Properties of Stigma. Psychological Review. 96(4). P. 608-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daalen K.R. van, Cobain M., Franco O.H., Chowdhury R. 2021. Stigma: The Social Virus Spreading Faster than COVID-19. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214436</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daalen K.R. van, Cobain M., Franco O.H., Chowdhury R. 2021. Stigma: The Social Virus Spreading Faster than COVID-19. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214436</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 147 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 147 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones D.S. 2020. History in a Crisis – Lessons for COVID‐19. New England Journal of Medicine. 382(18). P. 1681-1683. DOI: 10.1056/nejmp2004361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones D.S. 2020. History in a Crisis – Lessons for COVID‐19. New England Journal of Medicine. 382(18). P. 1681-1683. DOI: 10.1056/nejmp2004361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katafuchi Y., Kurita K., Managi Sh. 2020. COVID-19 with Stigma: Theory and Evidence from Mobility Data. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1007/s41885-020-00077-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katafuchi Y., Kurita K., Managi Sh. 2020. COVID-19 with Stigma: Theory and Evidence from Mobility Data. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1007/s41885-020-00077-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lake A. 1994. Confronting Backlash States. Foreign Affairs. 73(2). P. 45-55. DOI: 10.2307/20045918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lake A. 1994. Confronting Backlash States. Foreign Affairs. 73(2). P. 45-55. DOI: 10.2307/20045918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee S., Waters S.F. 2020. Asians and Asian Americans’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on Health Outcomes and the Buffering Role of Social Support. Stigma and Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/sah0000275</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee S., Waters S.F. 2020. Asians and Asian Americans’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on Health Outcomes and the Buffering Role of Social Support. Stigma and Health. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/sah0000275</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Link B.G., Phelan J.C. 2001. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. №27. P. 363-385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Link B.G., Phelan J.C. 2001. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. №27. P. 363-385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Logie C.H. 2020. Lessons Learned from HIV Can Inform Our Approach to COVID-19 Stigma. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 23(5). DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logie C.H. 2020. Lessons Learned from HIV Can Inform Our Approach to COVID-19 Stigma. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 23(5). DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma Y., Zhan N. 2020. To Mask or Not to Mask amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Chinese Students in America Experience and Cope with Stigma. Chinese Sociological Review. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2020.1833712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma Y., Zhan N. 2020. To Mask or Not to Mask amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Chinese Students in America Experience and Cope with Stigma. Chinese Sociological Review. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1080/21620555.2020.1833712</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Major B., O’Brien L.T. 2005. The Social Psychology of Stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 56. P. 393-421. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Major B., O’Brien L.T. 2005. The Social Psychology of Stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 56. P. 393-421. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paleari F.G., Pivetti M., Galati D., Fincham F.D. 2021. Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐Being during the COVID‐19 Lockdown in Italy: The Role of Stigma and Appraisals. British Journal of Health Psychology. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12508</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paleari F.G., Pivetti M., Galati D., Fincham F.D. 2021. Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐Being during the COVID‐19 Lockdown in Italy: The Role of Stigma and Appraisals. British Journal of Health Psychology. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12508</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peprah P., Gyasi R.M. 2021. Stigma and COVID‐19 Crisis: A Wake‐Up Call. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 36(1). P. 215-218. DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peprah P., Gyasi R.M. 2021. Stigma and COVID‐19 Crisis: A Wake‐Up Call. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 36(1). P. 215-218. DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phelan J.C., Link B.G., Dovidio J.F. 2008. Stigma and Prejudice: One Animal or Two? Social Science and Medicine. 67(3). P. 358-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phelan J.C., Link B.G., Dovidio J.F. 2008. Stigma and Prejudice: One Animal or Two? Social Science and Medicine. 67(3). P. 358-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prosen M. 2020. Social Stigma in the Time of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Slovenian Nursing Review. 54(2). P. 100-103. DOI: 10.14528/snr.2020.54.2.3041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prosen M. 2020. Social Stigma in the Time of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Slovenian Nursing Review. 54(2). P. 100-103. DOI: 10.14528/snr.2020.54.2.3041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin X., Song L. 2021. Addressing Stigma in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Social-Ecological Approach. Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin X., Song L. 2021. Addressing Stigma in the Context of the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Social-Ecological Approach. Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramaci T., Barattucci M., Ledda C., Rapisarda V. 2020. Social Stigma during COVID-19 and Its Impact on HCWs Outcomes. Sustainability. 12(9). DOI: 10.3390/su12093834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramaci T., Barattucci M., Ledda C., Rapisarda V. 2020. Social Stigma during COVID-19 and Its Impact on HCWs Outcomes. Sustainability. 12(9). DOI: 10.3390/su12093834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saad S.J.A. 2020. COVID-19 Related Stigma, Examining the View of the General Public of Stigma toward People with COVID-19 in Iraq. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(5). P. 7108-7115. DOI: 10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saad S.J.A. 2020. COVID-19 Related Stigma, Examining the View of the General Public of Stigma toward People with COVID-19 in Iraq. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24(5). P. 7108-7115. DOI: 10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sontag S. 1978. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 87 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sontag S. 1978. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 87 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strong Ph. 1990. Epidemic Psychology: A Model. Sociology of Health and Illness. 12(3). P. 249-259. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strong Ph. 1990. Epidemic Psychology: A Model. Sociology of Health and Illness. 12(3). P. 249-259. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sulistiadi W., Rahayu S., Harmani N. 2020. Management of COVID-19 Public Stigma in Indonesian Society. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal. Special issue 1. P. 70-76. DOI: 10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3909.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sulistiadi W., Rahayu S., Harmani N. 2020. Management of COVID-19 Public Stigma in Indonesian Society. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal. Special issue 1. P. 70-76. DOI: 10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3909.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teksin G., Uluyol O.B., Onur O.S., Teksin M.G., Ozdemir H.M. 2020. Stigma-related Factors and Their Effects on Health-Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemics in Turkey: A Multicenter Study. The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Hospital. 54(3). P. 281-290. DOI: 10.14744/semb.2020.02800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teksin G., Uluyol O.B., Onur O.S., Teksin M.G., Ozdemir H.M. 2020. Stigma-related Factors and Their Effects on Health-Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemics in Turkey: A Multicenter Study. The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Hospital. 54(3). P. 281-290. DOI: 10.14744/semb.2020.02800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomczyk S., Rahn M., Schmidt S. 2020. Social Distancing and Stigma: Association between Compliance with Behavioral Recommendations, Risk Perception, and Stigmatizing Attitudes during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology. №11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01821.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomczyk S., Rahn M., Schmidt S. 2020. Social Distancing and Stigma: Association between Compliance with Behavioral Recommendations, Risk Perception, and Stigmatizing Attitudes during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology. №11. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01821.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uvais N.A., Shihabudheen P., Bishurul Hafi N.A. 2020. Perceived Stress and Stigma among Doctors Working in COVID-19–Designated Hospitals in India. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 22(4). DOI: 10.4088/pcc.20br02724.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uvais N.A., Shihabudheen P., Bishurul Hafi N.A. 2020. Perceived Stress and Stigma among Doctors Working in COVID-19–Designated Hospitals in India. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 22(4). DOI: 10.4088/pcc.20br02724.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wendt A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 432 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wendt A. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 432 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zolnikov T.R., Furio F. 2020. Stigma on First Responders during COVID-19. Stigma and Health. 5(4). P. 375-379. DOI: 10.1037/sah0000270.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zolnikov T.R., Furio F. 2020. Stigma on First Responders during COVID-19. Stigma and Health. 5(4). P. 375-379. DOI: 10.1037/sah0000270.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И. 2009. Концепция «государств-изгоев» во внешней политике США. Международные процессы. 7(19). C. 84-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartenev V.I. 2009. Kontseptsiya «gosudarstv-izgoev» vo vneshnei politike SShA [The Concept of “Rogue States” in US Foreign Policy]. International trends. 7(19). P. 84-92. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бовина И.Б., Бовин Б.Г. 2013. Стигматизация: социально-психологические аспекты (часть 1). Психология и правo. №3. С. 11-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bovina I.B., Bovin B.G. 2013. Stigmatizatsiya: sotsial’no-psikhologicheskie aspekty (chast’ 1) [Stigmatization: The Sociopsychological Aspects (part 1)]. Psychology and Law. №3. P. 11-23. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бусыгина И.М. 2019. Региональное лидерство в международных отношениях и роль России в Евразии. Общественные науки и современность. №4. C. 121-133. DOI: 10.31857/S086904990005820-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Busygina I.M. 2019. Regional’noe liderstvo v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh i rol’ Rossii v Evrazii [Regional Leadership in International Relations and the Role of Russia in Eurasia]. Social Sciences and Contemporary World. №4. P. 121-133. DOI: 10.31857/S086904990005820-4. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вартазарова Л.С., Кобринская И.Я. (ред.). 2018. США – Китай: борьба двух стратегий и практик мирового лидерства. Москва: ИМЭМО РАН. 65 с. DOI: 10.20542/978-5-9535-0537-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vartazarova L.S, Kobrinskaya I.Y. (eds.). 2018. SShA-Kitai: bor’ba dvukh strategii i praktik mirovogo liderstva [USA-China: The Struggle of Two Strategies and Practices of World Leadership]. Moscow: IMEMO RAS. 65 p. DOI: 10.20542/978-5-9535-0537-6. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартьянов В.С., Фишман Л.Г. 2020. После коронавируса: от оптимизированного старого к новому миру? Свободная мысль. №3. С. 9-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martyanov V.S., Fishman L.G. 2020. Posle koronavirusa: ot optimizirovannogo starogo k novomu miru? [After the Coronavirus: From an Optimized Old to a New World?]. The Free Thought. №3. P. 9-28. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайленко А.Н. 2012. Лидерство в современных международных отношениях. Обозреватель-Observer. №5. С. 72-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhailenko A.N. 2012. Liderstvo v sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh [Leadership in the Modern International Relations]. Observer. №5. P. 72-87. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов Е.Н. 2020. «Мировая экономика коронавируса»: поиск оптимальных путей преодоления последствий кризиса. Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 13(3). С. 243-266. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2020-3-72-243-266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov E.N. 2020. «Mirovaya ekonomika koronavirusa»: poisk optimal’nykh putei preodoleniya posledstvii krizisa [“The World Economy of Coronavirus”: Search for Optimal Ways to Overcome the Consequences of the Crisis]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 13(3). P. 243-266. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2020-3-72-243-266. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сушенцов А.А. (ред.). 2020. Международные угрозы 2021: Геополитика после пандемии. Москва: МГИМО МИД России. 27 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sushentsov A.A. (ed.). 2020. Mezhdunarodnye ugrozy 2021: Geopolitika posle pandemii [International Challenges 2021: Geopolitics after the Pandemic]. Moscow: MGIMO University. 27 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торкунов А.В. 2019. Стратегия администрации Д. Трампа в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 63(6). С. 25-37. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-6-25-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torkunov A.V. 2019. Strategiya administratsii D. Trampa v Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskom regione [Strategy of the Trump Administration on Asia-Pacific]. World Economy and International Relations. 63(6). P. 25-37. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-6-25-37. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туркулец С.Е., Туркулец А.В., Листопадова Е.В., Сокольская М.В. 2020. Социальная стигматизация в период пандемии. Социодинамика. №5. C. 11-25. DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2020.5.32945.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turkulets S.E., Turkulets A.V., Listopadova E.V., Sokolskaya M.V. 2020. Sotsial’naya stigmatizatsiya v period pandemii [Social Stigmatization during Pandemic]. Sociodynamics. №5. P. 11-25. DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2020.5.32945. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Финзен А. 2001. Психоз и стигма. Москва: Алетейа. 213 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finzen A. 2001. Psikhoz i stigma [Psychosis and Stigma]. Moscow: Aleteya. 213 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харкевич М.В. 2009. «Государства-изгои» как образ «Другого» в мировой политике. Полис. Политические исследования. №4. С. 99-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharkevich M.V. 2011. Gosudarstva-izgoi i mezhdunarodnoe obshchestvo [Rogue States and International Society]. Asimmetriya mirovoi sistemy suvereniteta: zony problemnoi gosudarstvennosti [The Asymmetry of the World System of Sovereignty: Zones of Problematic Statehood]. Moscow: MGIMO-University. P. 48-64. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харкевич М.В. 2011. «Государства-изгои» и международное общество. Асимметрия мировой системы суверенитета: зоны проблемной государственности. Москва: МГИМО-Университет. С. 48-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharkevich M.V. 2009. Gosudarstva-izgoi kak obraz «Drugogo» v mirovoi politike [Rogue States as the Image of “Other” in the World Politics]. Polis. Political Studies. №4. P. 99-110. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаклеина Т.А. 2011. Эволюция глобальной стратегии США (2001-2011). Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 25. Международные отношения и мировая политика. №3. С. 35-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T.A. 2015. Liderstvo i sovremennyi mirovoi poryadok [Leadership and Contemporary World Order]. International trends. 13(4). P. 6-19. DOI: 10.17994/it.2015.13.4.43.1. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаклеина Т.А. 2015. Лидерство и современный мировой порядок. Международные процессы. 13(4). С. 6-19. DOI: 10.17994/it.2015.13.4.43.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T.A. 2011. Evolyutsiya global’noi strategii SShA (2001-2011) [Evolution of the U.S. Global Strategy (2001-2011)]. Moscow University Bulletin. Ser. 25. International Relations and World Politics. №3. P. 35-58. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
