<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2021-4-79-107-135</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-2941</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Концептуальное измерение мировой  политики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. Conceptual Dimension of World Politics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Концептуальные подходы к анализу "неустойчивости государств"</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Conceptual Perspectives on State Fragility</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елагин</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elagin</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елагин Денис Павлович – преподаватель, Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России; ассистент, Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН)</p><p>119454, Россия, г. Москва, пр. Вернадского, д. 76</p><p>117198, Россия, г.Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis P. Elagin – lecturer, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; assistant, Peoples Friendship University of Russia</p><p>76 Vernadskogo avenue, Moscow, Russia, 119454</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, Russia, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elagin-dp@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России; Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University);&#13;
Peoples Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Елагин Д.П., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Елагин Д.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Elagin D.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/2941">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/2941</self-uri><abstract><p>Представленный в статье анализ научного дискурса по проблематике «государственной неустойчивости» направлен на критическое переосмысление значимости факторов, с которыми обычно связывают уязвимость некоторых государств к рискам и кризисам и их неспособность найти ресурсы для самостоятельного противостояния им. В поисках ответа автор рассматривает концепт «неустойчивых государств» и предлагает обзор литературы, посвящённой различным аспектам «государственной неустойчивости». Проведённое исследование позволяет говорить о том, что учёные и эксперты добились значительных успехов в концептуализации этого феномена и осветили его многомерный характер. В частности, в результате детализации концепта возникли такие новые подходы к причинам «государственной неустойчивости», как функционалистский или ALC и подход ОЭСР. Однако эти подходы (и основанные на них практики помощи развитию) исходят из оценки функционирования «неустойчивых государств» как отклонения от нормативной модели национального государства европейского происхождения. Таким образом, в современных условиях необходимо учитывать и траектории формирования государств этой группы, т.е. анализировать макроисторическое измерение «государственной неустойчивости». Представленный в статье обзор исследовательской литературы позволяет обратить внимание на такие структурные факторы «неустойчивости», как сохранение границ колониального периода и гетерогенность населения и его предпочтений (что ограничивает способность индивидов к коллективному действию), а также малый размер экономики, в результате чего «неустойчивые государства» часто не обладают достаточной налоговой базой для эффективного предоставления общественных благ. Не менее важными являются и агентивные факторы: слабость политических институтов способствует формированию клептократий, которые отстраняются от интересов населения и могут ограничивать доступ к общественным благам для определенных групп. По мнению автора, учёт выраженности влияния рассмотренных в статье факторов позволит лучше учитывать качество и степень «государственной неустойчивости», которая демонстрирует высокую зависимость от контекстуальных характеристик, и разрабатывать более эффективные меры в сфере развития.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article explores scientific discourse on the phenomenon of state fragility and reviews contemporary research that aims to uncover what factors account for the emergence of states that are vulnerable to risks and crises and lack the capacity to deliver a response on their own. In order to achieve this goal, the author analyzes the evolution of the state fragility concept and reviews the literature on its causes. The article finds significant advancement in scientific thought about fragile states, acknowledg ing their continuous and multi-dimensional nature (the 'ALC' and 'OECD' approaches). However, these approaches tend to view fragile states as a deviation from the Europe an nation-state model and focus more on the attributes of fragility (inability to perform core functions of the state or lacking the capacity to cope with risks and crises) while failing to produce a precise explanation for its causes. Hence, there is a need to analyze the process of fragile states formation and its consequences, i.e., to look at the macrohistorical dimension of state fragility. A better understanding of the historical context of state fragility and stricter identification criteria for the subgroup of severely and chronically fragile states allows identifying some structural explanatory factors such as rigidity of pre-independence colonial state borders, heterogeneity of population, and preferences that constraints collective action and small economic size. The literature review presented in the article finds that fragile states often have an insufficient tax base to guarantee the efficient provision of public goods. There are also agency factors that contribute to increased state fragility. This review also finds that imperfect political institutions may produce kleptocratic political regimes detached from the population's interests and irresponsive to them. Consequently, they are likely to deny or limit access to public goods for some population groups. A combination of these factors is likely to create weak and fragile states, with the extent of fragility being context-specific. Recognizing the impact of the factors discussed in the article may help produce better policy responses to various development problems that plague fragile states.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«неустойчивые государства»</kwd><kwd>неустойчивые государственные состояния</kwd><kwd>причины «государственной неустойчивости»</kwd><kwd>политическая экономия «государственной неустойчивости»</kwd><kwd>«несостоявшиеся государства»</kwd><kwd>государственная несостоятельность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fragile states</kwd><kwd>state fragility</kwd><kwd>causes of state fragility</kwd><kwd>chronic fragility</kwd><kwd>the political  economy of state fragility</kwd><kwd>failed states</kwd><kwd>state failure</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование было подготовлено в рамках поддержанного РФФИ проекта № 20-011- 00922.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was funded by RFBR, project no. 20-011-00922.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu D., Robinson J.A. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Robinson J.A. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alesina A., Spolaore E. 1997. On the Number and Size of Nations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112(4). P. 1027-1056. DOI:10.1162/003355300555411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alesina A., Spolaore E. 1997. On the Number and Size of Nations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112(4). P. 1027-1056. DOI:10.1162/003355300555411</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alesina A., Spolaore E. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alesina A., Spolaore E. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alesina A., Easterly W., Matuszeski J. 2011. Artificial States. Journal of European Economic Association. 9(2). P. 246-277. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.01009.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alesina A., Easterly W., Matuszeski J. 2011. Artificial States. Journal of European Economic Association. 9(2). P. 246-277. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.01009.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aliyev H. 2017. Precipitating State Failure: Do Civil Wars and Violent Non-State Actors Create Failed States? Third World Quarterly. 38(9). P. 973-1989. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2017.1319276</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliyev H. 2017. Precipitating State Failure: Do Civil Wars and Violent Non-State Actors Create Failed States? Third World Quarterly. 38(9). P. 973-1989. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2017.1319276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arbatli C.E., Ashraf Q.H., Galor O., Clemp M. 2020. Diversity and Conflict. Econometrica. 88(2). P. 727-797. DOI:10.3982/ECTA13734</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatli C.E., Ashraf Q.H., Galor O., Clemp M. 2020. Diversity and Conflict. Econometrica. 88(2). P. 727-797. DOI:10.3982/ECTA13734</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ault J.K., Spicer A. 2019. State Fragility as a Multi-Dimensional Construct for International Entrepreneurship Research and Practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. №37. Р. 981-1011. DOI:10.1007/s10490-018-09641-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ault J.K., Spicer A. 2019. State Fragility as a Multi-Dimensional Construct for International Entrepreneurship Research and Practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. №37. Р. 981-1011. DOI:10.1007/s10490-018-09641-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baliamoune-Lutz M., McGillivray M. 2011. State fragility: Concept and Measurement. Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses. Naudé W., Santos-Paulino A.U., McGillivray M. (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Р. 33-42. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693153.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baliamoune-Lutz M., McGillivray M. 2011. State fragility: Concept and Measurement. Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses. Naudé W., Santos-Paulino A.U., McGillivray M. (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Р. 33-42. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693153.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartolini S. 2005. Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building and Political Structuring between the Nation-State and the European Union. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartolini S. 2005. Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building and Political Structuring between the Nation-State and the European Union. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berdal M., Serrano M. 2002. Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: the New Topography. Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: Business as Usual? Berdal M., Serrano M. (eds.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 197-207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berdal M., Serrano M. 2002. Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: the New Topography. Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: Business as Usual? Berdal M., Serrano M. (eds.) Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 197-207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besley T.J., Persson T. 2008a. The Incidence of Civil War: Theory and Evidence. NBER Working Paper №14585. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besley T.J., Persson T. 2008a. The Incidence of Civil War: Theory and Evidence. NBER Working Paper №14585. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besley T.J., Persson T. 2008b. Wars and State Capacity. Journal of the European Economic Association. 6(2-3). Р. 522-530. DOI:10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.522</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besley T.J., Persson T. 2008b. Wars and State Capacity. Journal of the European Economic Association. 6(2-3). Р. 522-530. DOI:10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.522</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilgin P., Morton A.D. 2004. From ‘Rogue’to ‘Failed’states? The Fallacy of Short-Termism. Politics. 24(3). Р. 169-180. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2004.00217.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilgin P., Morton A.D. 2004. From ‘Rogue’to ‘Failed’states? The Fallacy of Short-Termism. Politics. 24(3). Р. 169-180. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2004.00217.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brinkerhoff D.W. (Ed.) 2007. Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brinkerhoff D.W. (Ed.) 2007. Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brinkerhoff D.W. 2011. State Fragility and Governance: Conflict Mitigation and Subnational Perspectives. Development Policy Review. 29(2). Р. 131-153. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00529.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brinkerhoff D.W. 2011. State Fragility and Governance: Conflict Mitigation and Subnational Perspectives. Development Policy Review. 29(2). Р. 131-153. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00529.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brinkerhoff D.W. 2019. State Fragility, International Development Policy, and Global Responses. The Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Stone D., Moloney K. (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758648.013.4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brinkerhoff D.W. 2019. State Fragility, International Development Policy, and Global Responses. The Oxford Handbook of Global Policy and Transnational Administration. Stone D., Moloney K. (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758648.013.4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks R.E. 2005. Failed States, or the State as Failure? The University of Chicago Law Review. 72(4). Р. 1159-1196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks R.E. 2005. Failed States, or the State as Failure? The University of Chicago Law Review. 72(4). Р. 1159-1196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bøås M. 2017. Fragile States as the New Development Agenda? Forum for Development Studies. 44(1). Р. 149-154. DOI:10.1080/08039410.2017.1264737.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bøås M. 2017. Fragile States as the New Development Agenda? Forum for Development Studies. 44(1). Р. 149-154. DOI:10.1080/08039410.2017.1264737.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burke M.B., Miguel E., Satyanath S. Dykema J., Lobell D. 2009. Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(49). Р. 20670- 20674. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0907998106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burke M.B., Miguel E., Satyanath S. Dykema J., Lobell D. 2009. Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(49). Р. 20670- 20674. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0907998106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buterbaugh K.N., Calin C., Marchant-Shapiro T. 2017. Predicting Revolt: Fragility Indexes and the Level of Violence and Instability in the Arab Spring. Terrorism and Political Violence. 29(3). Р. 483-508. DOI:10.1080/09546553.2015.1049343</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buterbaugh K.N., Calin C., Marchant-Shapiro T. 2017. Predicting Revolt: Fragility Indexes and the Level of Violence and Instability in the Arab Spring. Terrorism and Political Violence. 29(3). Р. 483-508. DOI:10.1080/09546553.2015.1049343</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Call CT 2011. Beyond the ‘Failed State’: Toward Conceptual Alternatives. European Journal of International Relations. 17(2). Р. 303-326. DOI:10.1177/1354066109353137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Call CT 2011. Beyond the ‘Failed State’: Toward Conceptual Alternatives. European Journal of International Relations. 17(2). Р. 303-326. DOI:10.1177/1354066109353137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Call CT 2017. The Lingering Problem of Fragile States. The Washington Quarterly. 39(4). Р. 193-209. DOI:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261560</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Call CT 2017. The Lingering Problem of Fragile States. The Washington Quarterly. 39(4). Р. 193-209. DOI:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carment D., Landry J., Samy Y., Shaw S. 2015. Towards a Theory of Fragile state Transitions: Evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos. Third World Quarterly. 36(7). Р. 1316-1332. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2015.1037830</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carment D., Landry J., Samy Y., Shaw S. 2015. Towards a Theory of Fragile state Transitions: Evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos. Third World Quarterly. 36(7). Р. 1316-1332. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2015.1037830</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carment D., Prest S., Samy Y. 2010. Security, Development, and the Fragile State: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy. London: Routledge. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693153.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carment D., Prest S., Samy Y. 2010. Security, Development, and the Fragile State: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy. London: Routledge. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693153.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carment D., Samy Y., Prest S. 2008. State Fragility and Implications for Aid Allocation: An Empirical Analysis. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 349–373. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carment D., Samy Y., Prest S. 2008. State Fragility and Implications for Aid Allocation: An Empirical Analysis. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 349–373. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397509</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauvet L., Collier P. 2004. Development Effectiveness in Fragile States: Spillovers and Turnarounds. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, Oxford University (Mimeo).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauvet L., Collier P. 2004. Development Effectiveness in Fragile States: Spillovers and Turnarounds. Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, Oxford University (Mimeo).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cliffe S., Manning N. 2008. Practical Approaches to Building State Institutions. Building States to Build Peace. Call CT and Wyeth V (eds.). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 163-184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cliffe S., Manning N. 2008. Practical Approaches to Building State Institutions. Building States to Build Peace. Call CT and Wyeth V (eds.). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 163-184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier D., Mahon J.E. 1993. Conceptual “Stretching” Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis. American Political Science Review. 87(4). Р. 845-855. DOI:10.2307/2938818</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier D., Mahon J.E. 1993. Conceptual “Stretching” Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis. American Political Science Review. 87(4). Р. 845-855. DOI:10.2307/2938818</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier P. 2007. Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier P. 2007. Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier P. 2009. The Political Economy of State Failure. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 25(2). Р. 219-240. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grp013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier P. 2009. The Political Economy of State Failure. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 25(2). Р. 219-240. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grp013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier P., Hoeffler A. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers. 56(4). Р. 563-595. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpf064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier P., Hoeffler A. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers. 56(4). Р. 563-595. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpf064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier P., Hoeffler A., Rohner D. 2009. Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers. 61(1). Р. 1–27. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier P., Hoeffler A., Rohner D. 2009. Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers. 61(1). Р. 1–27. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Waal A. 2014. When Kleptocracy Becomes Insolvent: Brute Causes of the Civil War in South Sudan. African Affairs. 113(452). Р. 347-369. DOI:10.1093/afraf/adu028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Waal A. 2014. When Kleptocracy Becomes Insolvent: Brute Causes of the Civil War in South Sudan. African Affairs. 113(452). Р. 347-369. DOI:10.1093/afraf/adu028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di John J. 2010. The Concept, Causes, and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Agenda for Research with Specific Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. European Journal of Development Research 22(1). Р. 10–30. DOI:10.1057/ejdr.2009.44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di John J. 2010. The Concept, Causes, and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Agenda for Research with Specific Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. European Journal of Development Research 22(1). Р. 10–30. DOI:10.1057/ejdr.2009.44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duffield M. 2001. Governing the Borderlands: Decoding the Power of Aid. Disasters 25(4). Р. 308-320. DOI:10.1111/1467-7717.00180</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duffield M. 2001. Governing the Borderlands: Decoding the Power of Aid. Disasters 25(4). Р. 308-320. DOI:10.1111/1467-7717.00180</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engberg-Pedersen L., Andersen L., Stepputat F., Jung D. 2008. Fragile Situations: Background Papers. DIIS Report 2008: 11. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engberg-Pedersen L., Andersen L., Stepputat F., Jung D. 2008. Fragile Situations: Background Papers. DIIS Report 2008: 11. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eriksen S.S. 2011. “State Failure” in Theory and Practice: the Idea of the State and the Contradictions of State Formation. Review of International Studies. 37(1). Р. 229-247. DOI:10.1017/ S0260210510000409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eriksen S.S. 2011. “State Failure” in Theory and Practice: the Idea of the State and the Contradictions of State Formation. Review of International Studies. 37(1). Р. 229-247. DOI:10.1017/ S0260210510000409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escobar A. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escobar A. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faust J., Grävingholt J., Ziaja S. 2015. Foreign Aid and the Fragile Consensus on State Fragility. Journal of International Relations and Development. 18(4). Р. 407-427. DOI:10.1057/jird.2013.23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faust J., Grävingholt J., Ziaja S. 2015. Foreign Aid and the Fragile Consensus on State Fragility. Journal of International Relations and Development. 18(4). Р. 407-427. DOI:10.1057/jird.2013.23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fearon J.D.,Laitin D.D. 2004. Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States. International security. 28(4). Р. 5-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fearon J.D.,Laitin D.D. 2004. Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States. International security. 28(4). Р. 5-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feeny S., McGillivray M. 2009. Aid Allocation to Fragile States: Absorptive Capacity Constraints. Journal of International Development. 21(5). Р. 618-632. DOI:10.1002/jid.1502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feeny S., McGillivray M. 2009. Aid Allocation to Fragile States: Absorptive Capacity Constraints. Journal of International Development. 21(5). Р. 618-632. DOI:10.1002/jid.1502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira I.A. 2017. Measuring State Fragility: a Review of the Theoretical Groundings of Existing Approaches. Third World Quarterly. 38(6). Р. 1291-1309. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2016.1257907</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira I.A. 2017. Measuring State Fragility: a Review of the Theoretical Groundings of Existing Approaches. Third World Quarterly. 38(6). Р. 1291-1309. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2016.1257907</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gisselquist R.M. 2014. Aid and Institution-Building in Fragile States: What do We Know? What Can Comparative Analysis Add? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 656(1). Р. 6-21. DOI:10.1177/0002716214546991</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gisselquist R.M. 2014. Aid and Institution-Building in Fragile States: What do We Know? What Can Comparative Analysis Add? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 656(1). Р. 6-21. DOI:10.1177/0002716214546991</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gisselquist R.M. 2015. Good Aid in Hard Places: Learning from ‘Successful’ Interventions in Fragile Situations. International Peacekeeping. 22(4). Р. 283-301. DOI:10.1080/13533312.2015.1059732</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gisselquist R.M. 2015. Good Aid in Hard Places: Learning from ‘Successful’ Interventions in Fragile Situations. International Peacekeeping. 22(4). Р. 283-301. DOI:10.1080/13533312.2015.1059732</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstone J.A. 2008. Pathways to State Failure. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 285-296. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397343</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstone J.A. 2008. Pathways to State Failure. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 285-296. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397343</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grävingholt J., Ziaja S., Kreibaum M. 2015. Disaggregating State Fragility: a Method to Establish a Multi-dimensional Empirical Typology. Third World Quarterly. 36(7). Р. 1281-1298. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2015.1038340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grävingholt J., Ziaja S., Kreibaum M. 2015. Disaggregating State Fragility: a Method to Establish a Multi-dimensional Empirical Typology. Third World Quarterly. 36(7). Р. 1281-1298. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2015.1038340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimm S., Lemay-Hébert N., Nay O. 2014. ‘Fragile States’: Introducing a Political Concept. Third World Quarterly. 35(2). Р. 197-209. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2013.878127</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimm S., Lemay-Hébert N., Nay O. 2014. ‘Fragile States’: Introducing a Political Concept. Third World Quarterly. 35(2). Р. 197-209. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2013.878127</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansen T.B., Stepputat F. (eds.). 2001. States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansen T.B., Stepputat F. (eds.). 2001. States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagmann T., Hoehne MV 2009. Failures of the State Failure Debate: Evidence from the Somali Territories. Journal of International Development. 21(1). Р. 42–57. DOI: 10.1002/jid.1482</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagmann T., Hoehne MV 2009. Failures of the State Failure Debate: Evidence from the Somali Territories. Journal of International Development. 21(1). Р. 42–57. DOI: 10.1002/jid.1482</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helman G.B, Ratner S.R. 1993. Saving Failed States. Foreign Policy. 89(4). Р. 3–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helman G.B, Ratner S.R. 1993. Saving Failed States. Foreign Policy. 89(4). Р. 3–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herbst J. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herbst J. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iqbal Z., Starr M. 2008. Bad Neighbors: Failed States and Their Consequences. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 315-331. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397400</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iqbal Z., Starr M. 2008. Bad Neighbors: Failed States and Their Consequences. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 25(4). Р. 315-331. DOI:10.1080/07388940802397400</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismail A.A. 2016. The Political Economy of State Failure: A Social Contract Approach. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 10(4). Р. 513-529. DOI:10.1080/17502977.2016.1192825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismail A.A. 2016. The Political Economy of State Failure: A Social Contract Approach. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 10(4). Р. 513-529. DOI:10.1080/17502977.2016.1192825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson R.H. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson R.H. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson R.H., Rosberg C.G. 1982. Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood. World Politics. 35(1). Р. 1-24. DOI:10.2307/2010277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson R.H., Rosberg C.G. 1982. Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood. World Politics. 35(1). Р. 1-24. DOI:10.2307/2010277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasner S. 2004. Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States. International Security 29(2). Р. 85–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasner S. 2004. Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States. International Security 29(2). Р. 85–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambach D., Johannis E., Bayer M. 2015/ The Causes of State Collapse: Results from a QCA Analysis. COMPAS Working Paper 2015-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambach D., Johannis E., Bayer M. 2015/ The Causes of State Collapse: Results from a QCA Analysis. COMPAS Working Paper 2015-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall M.G., Cole B.R. 2017. State Failure: The Problem of Complex Societal-Systems. In: Stohl M., Lichbach M.I., Grabovsky P.N. (eds.) States and Peoples in Conflict: Transformations of Conflict Studies. New York: Routledge. Р. 184-207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall M.G., Cole B.R. 2017. State Failure: The Problem of Complex Societal-Systems. In: Stohl M., Lichbach M.I., Grabovsky P.N. (eds.) States and Peoples in Conflict: Transformations of Conflict Studies. New York: Routledge. Р. 184-207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mata J.F., Ziaja S. 2009. Users' guide on measuring fragility. Bonn: German Development Institute/UNDP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mata J.F., Ziaja S. 2009. Users' guide on measuring fragility. Bonn: German Development Institute/UNDP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. 2014. National Institutions and Subnational Development in Africa. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129(1). Р. 151-213. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjt029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. 2014. National Institutions and Subnational Development in Africa. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129(1). Р. 151-213. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjt029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. 2020. Historical Legacies and African Development. Journal of Economic Literature. 58(1). Р. 53. 128 р. DOI:10.1257/jel.20181447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. 2020. Historical Legacies and African Development. Journal of Economic Literature. 58(1). Р. 53. 128 р. DOI:10.1257/jel.20181447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milante G., Woolcock M. 2017. New Approaches to Identifying State Fragility. Journal of Globalization and Development. 8(1). Р. 1-10. DOI:10.1515/jgd-2017-0008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milante G., Woolcock M. 2017. New Approaches to Identifying State Fragility. Journal of Globalization and Development. 8(1). Р. 1-10. DOI:10.1515/jgd-2017-0008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Migdal J.S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Migdal J.S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Migdal J.S. 2001. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute Each Other. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Migdal J.S. 2001. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute Each Other. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miguel E., Satyanath S. 2011. Re-Examining Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3(4). Р. 228-232. DOI:10.1257/app.3.4.228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miguel E., Satyanath S. 2011. Re-Examining Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3(4). Р. 228-232. DOI:10.1257/app.3.4.228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naudé W., Santos-Paulino A.U., McGillivray M. (eds.). 2011. Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naudé W., Santos-Paulino A.U., McGillivray M. (eds.). 2011. Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nay O. 2013. Fragile and Failed States: Critical Perspectives on Conceptual Hybrids. International Political Science Review. 34(3). Р. 326–341. DOI:10.1177/0192512113480054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nay O. 2013. Fragile and Failed States: Critical Perspectives on Conceptual Hybrids. International Political Science Review. 34(3). Р. 326–341. DOI:10.1177/0192512113480054</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nay O. 2014. International Organisations and the Production of Hegemonic Knowledge: How the World Bank and the OECD Helped Invent the Fragile State Concept. Third World Quarterly. 35(2). Р. 210-231. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2014.878128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nay O. 2014. International Organisations and the Production of Hegemonic Knowledge: How the World Bank and the OECD Helped Invent the Fragile State Concept. Third World Quarterly. 35(2). Р. 210-231. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2014.878128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North D.C., Wallis J.J., Webb S.B., Weingast B. 2012. Limited access Orders. In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics, and the Problems of Development. North DC, Wallis JJ, Webb SB, Weingast B. (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Р. 1-23. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139013611.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D.C., Wallis J.J., Webb S.B., Weingast B. 2012. Limited access Orders. In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics, and the Problems of Development. North DC, Wallis JJ, Webb SB, Weingast B. (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Р. 1-23. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139013611.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nettl J.P. 1968. The State as a Conceptual Variable. World Politics. 20(4). Р. 559-592. DOI:10.2307/2009684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nettl J.P. 1968. The State as a Conceptual Variable. World Politics. 20(4). Р. 559-592. DOI:10.2307/2009684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patrick S. 2007. “Failed” States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas. International Studies Review. 9(4). Р. 644–662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patrick S. 2007. “Failed” States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas. International Studies Review. 9(4). Р. 644–662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patrick S. 2011. Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patrick S. 2011. Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melville A., Polunin Y., Ilyin M., Mironyuk M., Timofeev I., Meleshkina E., Vaslavskiy Y. (eds.). 2010. Political Atlas of the Modern World: An Experiment in Multidimensional Statistical Analysis of the Political Systems of Modern States. Chicester, United Kingdom: WileyBlackwell. DOI:10.1002/9781444327540</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melville A., Polunin Y., Ilyin M., Mironyuk M., Timofeev I., Meleshkina E., Vaslavskiy Y. (eds.). 2010. Political Atlas of the Modern World: An Experiment in Multidimensional Statistical Analysis of the Political Systems of Modern States. Chicester, United Kingdom: WileyBlackwell. DOI:10.1002/9781444327540</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olson M. 1993. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development. American Political Science Review. 87(3). Р. 567-576. DOI:10.2307/2938736</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson M. 1993. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development. American Political Science Review. 87(3). Р. 567-576. DOI:10.2307/2938736</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Kane R. 1993. Coups d’Etat in Africa: A Political Economy Approach. Journal of Peace Research. 30(3). Р. 251-270. DOI:10.1177/0022343393030003002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Kane R. 1993. Coups d’Etat in Africa: A Political Economy Approach. Journal of Peace Research. 30(3). Р. 251-270. DOI:10.1177/0022343393030003002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rice S.E., Patrick S. 2008. Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rice S.E., Patrick S. 2008. Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rotberg R.I. 2002. The New Nature of NationState Failure. The Washington Quarterly. 25(3). Р. 83-96. DOI:10.1162/01636600260046253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotberg R.I. 2002. The New Nature of NationState Failure. The Washington Quarterly. 25(3). Р. 83-96. DOI:10.1162/01636600260046253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross M.L. 2004. What Do We Know about Natural Resources and Civil War? Journal of Peace Research. 41(3). Р. 337-356. DOI:10.1177/0022343304043773</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross M.L. 2004. What Do We Know about Natural Resources and Civil War? Journal of Peace Research. 41(3). Р. 337-356. DOI:10.1177/0022343304043773</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saeed R. 2020. The Ubiquity of State Fragility: Fault Lines in the Categorisation and Conceptualisation of Failed and Fragile States. Social &amp; Legal Studies. 29(6). Р. 767-789. DOI:10.1177/0964663920906453</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saeed R. 2020. The Ubiquity of State Fragility: Fault Lines in the Categorisation and Conceptualisation of Failed and Fragile States. Social &amp; Legal Studies. 29(6). Р. 767-789. DOI:10.1177/0964663920906453</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sandler T. 2015. Terrorism and Counterterrorism: an Overview. Oxford Economic Papers. 67(1). Р. 1-20. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpu039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sandler T. 2015. Terrorism and Counterterrorism: an Overview. Oxford Economic Papers. 67(1). Р. 1-20. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpu039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeuchi S., Murotani R., Tsunekawa K. 2011. Capacity Traps and Legitimacy Traps: Development Assistance and State Building in Fragile Situations. Kharas K., Makino K., Jung W. (eds.) Catalyzing Development: A New Vision for Aid. Washington DC: Brooking Institution Press. Р. 127-154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeuchi S., Murotani R., Tsunekawa K. 2011. Capacity Traps and Legitimacy Traps: Development Assistance and State Building in Fragile Situations. Kharas K., Makino K., Jung W. (eds.) Catalyzing Development: A New Vision for Aid. Washington DC: Brooking Institution Press. Р. 127-154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor S.A.J. 2014. Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: Exploring the Relationship between Governance, Instability and Violence. Stability. 3(1). DOI:10.5334/sta.dy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor S.A.J. 2014. Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: Exploring the Relationship between Governance, Instability and Violence. Stability. 3(1). DOI:10.5334/sta.dy</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilly C. 1990. Coercion. Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilly C. 1990. Coercion. Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tir J., Schafer P., Diehl P.F., Goertz G. 1998. Territorial Changes, 1816–1996: Procedures and Data. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 16(1). Р. 89-97. DOI:10.1177/073889429801600105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tir J., Schafer P., Diehl P.F., Goertz G. 1998. Territorial Changes, 1816–1996: Procedures and Data. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 16(1). Р. 89-97. DOI:10.1177/073889429801600105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jerusalem RF 2016. The Colonial Foundations of State Fragility and Failure. Polity. 48(4). Р. 445-495. DOI:10.1057/s41279-016-0006-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jerusalem RF 2016. The Colonial Foundations of State Fragility and Failure. Polity. 48(4). Р. 445-495. DOI:10.1057/s41279-016-0006-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">USAID. 2005. Fragile States Strategy, Pd-Aca-999, January 2005. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">USAID. 2005. Fragile States Strategy, Pd-Aca-999, January 2005. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallerstein I. 2011. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallerstein I. 2011. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber M. 1958. Politics as a Vocation. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Gerth H.H. and Wright Mills C. (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press. Р. 77-128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber M. 1958. Politics as a Vocation. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Gerth H.H. and Wright Mills C. (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press. Р. 77-128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weigel J.L. 2020. The Participation Dividend of Taxation: How Citizens in Congo Engage More with the state When it Tries to Tax Them. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 135(4). Р. 1849-1903. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjaa019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weigel J.L. 2020. The Participation Dividend of Taxation: How Citizens in Congo Engage More with the state When it Tries to Tax Them. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 135(4). Р. 1849-1903. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjaa019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whaites A. 2008. States in development: Understanding state-building. A DFID Working Paper. London: Department for International Development.Zacher M.W. 2001. The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force. International Organization. 55(2). Р. 215-250. DOI:10.1162/00208180151140568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whaites A. 2008. States in development: Understanding state-building. A DFID Working Paper. London: Department for International Development.Zacher M.W. 2001. The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force. International Organization. 55(2). Р. 215-250. DOI:10.1162/00208180151140568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zartman I.W. 1995. Introduction: Posing the problem of state collapse. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Zartman I.W. (ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 1–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zartman I.W. 1995. Introduction: Posing the problem of state collapse. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Zartman I.W. (ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Р. 1–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart S., Brown G. 2009. Fragile States. CRISE Working Paper №51. Oxford: University of Oxford.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartenev V.I. 2017. Ot “nesostoiavshikhsia gosudarstv” k “neustoichivym sostoianiiam”: logika poniatiinoi ekvilibristiki [From «Failed States' to «States of Fragility: Logic of Conceptual Acrobatics]. Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniia. №2. Р. 26-41. DOI:10.17976/jpps/2017.02.03 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И. 2017. От «несостоявшихся к государств» к «неустойчивым состояниям»: логика понятийной эквилибристики. Полис. Политические исследования. № 2. C.2641. DOI:10.17976/jpps/2017.02.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyin M.V. 2011. Predely Gosudarstvennoi Sostoiatel''nnosti Stran Mira [Varying Ranges of Individual Countries Stateness]. Political Science. №2. Р. 60-75. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин М.В. 2011. Пределы государственной состоятельности стран мира. Политическая наука. №2. С. 60-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryashova I.V., Kharitonova O.G. (eds.) 2020. Metamorfozy razdelennykh obshchestv [Metamorphoses of Divided Societies]. Moscow: MGIMO-University. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудряшова И.В., Харитонова О.Г. (ред.). 2020. Метаморфозы разделённых обществ. Москва: МГИМО-Университет. 284 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shevskiy D. 2017. Mekhanizmy krusheniia gosudarstv (makrosotsiologicheskii podkhod) [The Mechanisms of State Collapse (a Macro-Sociological Approach)]. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie. 16(2). Р. 89-110. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевский Д. 2017. Механизмы крушения государств: макросоциологический подход. Социологическое обозрение. №2. С. 89-110. DOI:10.17323/1728-192X-2017-2-89-110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart S., Brown G. 2009. Fragile States. CRISE Working Paper №51. Oxford: University of Oxford.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
