<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2022-1-82-38-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-3057</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Франция в теории и истории международных отношений</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. France in the Theory and History of International Relations</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Бизнес или безопасность? Цели и механизмы реализации нефтяной политики Франции в 1920-е гг.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Business or Security? Goals and Decision-Making Inside the French Oil Policy of the 1920s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магадеев</surname><given-names>И. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Magadeev</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Искандэр Эдуардович Магадеев – кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории и политики стран Европы и Америки</p><p>119454, г. Москва, проспект Вернадского, д. 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Iskander E. Magadeev – Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of European and American Studies</p><p>119454, Moscow, prospekt Vernadskogo, 76</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iskander2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">MGIMO-University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Магадеев И.Э., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Магадеев И.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Magadeev I.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/3057">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/3057</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель статьи – выявить сочетание экономических и стратегических факторов, влиявших на политику французских властей и бизнеса по обеспечению доступа к нефти в 1920-е гг. Автор демонстрирует сложный характер нефтяной политики Парижа, разнообразие обстоятельств, определявших действия властей Третьей Республики. Построенное на анализе французского кейса, данное исследование призвано высветить новые грани и особенности влияния «нефтяного фактора» на международные отношения и внешнюю политику держав; показать исследовательскую ценность совместного изучения тех вопросов, которые нередко оказываются разведены по различным направлениям международных исследований (стратегические исследования, международная политэкономия, дипломатическая история и т. д.). Источниковой базой исследования выступили архивные и опубликованные документы, позволившие вписать нефтяную политику Франции в общий контекст её внешнеполитического и стратегического курса в первое десятилетие после окончания Первой мировой войны. Материалы британских и российских архивов дали возможность осветить ряд важных аспектов англофранцузского и советско-французского взаимодействия в «нефтяном вопросе». Подчеркнув стратегическое значение нефти, выявленное Первой мировой войной, а также зависимость Третьей Республики от ведущих англо-американских нефтяных трестов («Стандард Ойл» и «Ройял Датч-Шелл»), автор выделил три ключевые цели нефтяной политики Парижа в 1920-е гг.: 1) диверсификация импортных потоков; 2) приобретение контроля либо прямого доступа к источникам нефти; 3) консолидация французских бизнес-интересов в сфере нефтяной политики при посредничестве государства. Действия на этих направлениях нередко были взаимосвязаны, отражая специфическую ситуацию силы и слабости Франции по итогам Первой мировой войны. Автор пришёл к выводу о том, что в рамках нефтяной политики Франции стратегические факторы и бизнес-интересы нельзя было отделить друг от друга. Осознание возросшей роли нефти для вооружённых сил и экономики Третьей Республики соседствовало с неготовностью к ярко выраженной этатистской линии, к осуществлению попыток радикально изменить правила нефтяной политики внутри страны и во взаимодействии со «Стандард Ойл» и «Ройял Датч-Шелл».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> The article aims to explore the interplay between economic and strategic reasons, which influenced the oil policy of the French government and business in the 1920s. The author demonstrates the heterogeneity and complexity of this policy the diverse nature of motives and interests behind the different attempts to acquire access to the oil. The French case throws some new light on the role of the “oil factor” in international relations and Great Powers’ politics. The article comprehensively deals with the topics often divided between different fields strategic studies, international political economy, diplomatic history. The author uses French archives to place Paris’ oil policy into the broader context of the French strategy and diplomacy in the first decade after WWI. Additional documents from the British and Russian archives help understand essential aspects of the Anglo-French and FrancoSoviet interactions around the “oil question.” After underlying the new strategic importance of oil, which became evident during WWI, and describing the oil dependence of France from the Anglo-American trusts (“Standard Oil” and “Royal Dutch-Shell”), the author traces the three key aims of the French oil policy. First, to diversify the supplies; second, to acquire control or direct access to the oil sources; and, finally, to consolidate the French business interests with the mediation of the state authorities. French actions in these three directions were interlinked, and they mirrored a specific situation of power and weakness of France after WWI. The article concludes that the strategic and economic reasons were interwoven inside the French oil policy. Though the French authorities perceived the growing strategic importance of oil sharply, they were not prepared to follow the clear étatist economic policy and did not try to make a radical change of the established rules of oil policy both inside the Third Republic and in the relations with “Standard Oil” and “Royal Dutch-Shell.”</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Франция</kwd><kwd>нефтяная политика</kwd><kwd>1920-е годы</kwd><kwd>энергетическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>Беранже</kwd><kwd>Пино</kwd><kwd>англо-американские тресты</kwd><kwd>лоббирование интересов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>France</kwd><kwd>oil policy</kwd><kwd>1920s</kwd><kwd>energy security</kwd><kwd>Bérenger</kwd><kwd>Pineau</kwd><kwd>Anglo-American trusts</kwd><kwd>lobbying</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumann F. 2008. Energy Security as Multidimensional Concept. CAP Policy Analysis. 3(1). P. 1–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumann F. 2008. Energy Security as Multidimensional Concept. CAP Policy Analysis. 3(1). P. 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beltran A. 2018. L’industrie pétrolière en France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale: une prise de conscience tardive. L’industrie dans la Grande Guerre. Sous la dir. de P. Fridenson, P. Griset. Paris: Comité pour l’histoire économique et financière de la France. P. 151–159. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beltran A. 2018. L’industrie pétrolière en France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale: une prise de conscience tardive. L’industrie dans la Grande Guerre. Sous la dir. de P. Fridenson, P. Griset. Paris: Comité pour l’histoire économique et financière de la France. P. 151–159. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolech Cecchi D. 2007. The Outlawry of War and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. For Peace in Europe: Institutions and Civil Society between the World Wars. Ed. by M. Petricioli, D. Cherubini. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. P. 141–168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolech Cecchi D. 2007. The Outlawry of War and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. For Peace in Europe: Institutions and Civil Society between the World Wars. Ed. by M. Petricioli, D. Cherubini. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. P. 141–168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bussière E. 1982. La France et les affaires pétrolièrs au lendemain de la Première Guerre Mondiale: la politique des groupes financiers à travers celle de la banque de l’Union Parisienne. Histoire, économie et société. 1(2). P. 313–328. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bussière E. 1982. La France et les affaires pétrolièrs au lendemain de la Première Guerre Mondiale: la politique des groupes financiers à travers celle de la banque de l’Union Parisienne. Histoire, économie et société. 1(2). P. 313–328. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conlin J. 2015. Drawing the Line: Calouste Gulbenkian and the 1928 Red Line Agreement. The First World War and its Aftermath: the Making of the Modern Middle East. Ed. by T.G. Fraser. London: University of Chicago Press. P. 313–331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conlin J. 2015. Drawing the Line: Calouste Gulbenkian and the 1928 Red Line Agreement. The First World War and its Aftermath: the Making of the Modern Middle East. Ed. by T.G. Fraser. London: University of Chicago Press. P. 313–331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eichengreen B. 2019. Versailles: the Economic Legacy. International Affairs. 95(1). P. 7–24. Earle E.M. 1924. The Turkish Petroleum Company – A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy. Political Science Quarterly. 39(2).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eichengreen B. 2019. Versailles: the Economic Legacy. International Affairs. 95(1). P. 7–24. Earle E.M. 1924. The Turkish Petroleum Company – A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy. Political Science Quarterly. 39(2).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrier R.W. 1984. French Oil Policy, 1917–30: the Interaction between State and Private Interests. Enterprise and history: Essays in honour of Charles Wilson. Ed. by D.C. Coleman, P. Mathias. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. P. 237–262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrier R.W. 1984. French Oil Policy, 1917–30: the Interaction between State and Private Interests. Enterprise and history: Essays in honour of Charles Wilson. Ed. by D.C. Coleman, P. Mathias. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. P. 237–262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghéciu B. 1921. La politique du pétrole en France. Paris: Université de Paris. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghéciu B. 1921. La politique du pétrole en France. Paris: Université de Paris. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff A. 1991. French Plans for the Reconstruction of Russia: A History and Evaluation. Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922. Ed. by C. Fink, A. Frohn, J. Heideking. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. P. 131–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff A. 1991. French Plans for the Reconstruction of Russia: A History and Evaluation. Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922. Ed. by C. Fink, A. Frohn, J. Heideking. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. P. 131–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeannesson S. 2000. La difficile reprise des relations commerciales entre la France et l’URSS (1921–1928). Histoire, économie et société. 19(3). P. 411–429. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeannesson S. 2000. La difficile reprise des relations commerciales entre la France et l’URSS (1921–1928). Histoire, économie et société. 19(3). P. 411–429. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keeton E.D. 1987. Briand’s Locarno Policy. French Economics, Politics and Diplomacy, 1925–1929. New York: Garland Publishing. 403 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keeton E.D. 1987. Briand’s Locarno Policy. French Economics, Politics and Diplomacy, 1925–1929. New York: Garland Publishing. 403 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuisel R.F. 1983. Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 368 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuisel R.F. 1983. Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 368 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L’industrie du pétrole. 1934. Revue d’économie politique. Vol. 48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L’industrie du pétrole. 1934. Revue d’économie politique. Vol. 48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ledenev S. 2020. Establishing French Control over the Oil Fields of Eastern Galicia, 1918– 1923. Wars and Betweenness: Big Powers in Middle Europe, 1918–1945. Ed. by A. Piahanau, B. Aleksov. New York: Central European UP. P. 103–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ledenev S. 2020. Establishing French Control over the Oil Fields of Eastern Galicia, 1918– 1923. Wars and Betweenness: Big Powers in Middle Europe, 1918–1945. Ed. by A. Piahanau, B. Aleksov. New York: Central European UP. P. 103–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marguerat Ph. 1987. Banque et investissement industriel. Paribas, le pétrole roumain et la politique française. Genève: Droz. 145 p. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marguerat Ph. 1987. Banque et investissement industriel. Paribas, le pétrole roumain et la politique française. Genève: Droz. 145 p. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marguerat Ph. 2004. Les investissements français dans le Bassin danubien durant l’entredeux-guerres: pour une nouvelle interprétation. Revue historique. No629. P. 121–162. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marguerat Ph. 2004. Les investissements français dans le Bassin danubien durant l’entredeux-guerres: pour une nouvelle interprétation. Revue historique. No629. P. 121–162. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maurette F. 1926. Le pétrole: étude de géographie économique. Annales de géographie. No193. P. 24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maurette F. 1926. Le pétrole: étude de géographie économique. Annales de géographie. No193. P. 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murat D. 1969. L’intervention de l’État dans le secteur pétrolier en France. Paris: Éditions Techip. 328 p. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murat D. 1969. L’intervention de l’État dans le secteur pétrolier en France. Paris: Éditions Techip. 328 p. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nayberg R. 2006. La politique française du pétrole à l’issue de la Première guerre mondiale: perspectives et solutions. Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporaines. No224. P. 111–133. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nayberg R. 2006. La politique française du pétrole à l’issue de la Première guerre mondiale: perspectives et solutions. Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporaines. No224. P. 111–133. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nouschi A. 1976. L’État français et les pétroliers anglo-saxons: la naissance de la Compagnie française des pétroles (1923–1924). Relations internationales. No7. P. 241–259. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nouschi A. 1976. L’État français et les pétroliers anglo-saxons: la naissance de la Compagnie française des pétroles (1923–1924). Relations internationales. No7. P. 241–259. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nouschi A. 2001. La France et le pétrole de 1924 à nos jours. Paris: Picard. 452 p. (In French) Nowell G.P. 1994. Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900–1939. Ithaca: Cornell UP. 326 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nouschi A. 2001. La France et le pétrole de 1924 à nos jours. Paris: Picard. 452 p. (In French) Nowell G.P. 1994. Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900–1939. Ithaca: Cornell UP. 326 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelletier F. 2018. Pétrole et enjeux politiques en France: La naissance d’un secteur stratégique. Vingtième Siècle. No140. P. 123–136. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelletier F. 2018. Pétrole et enjeux politiques en France: La naissance d’un secteur stratégique. Vingtième Siècle. No140. P. 123–136. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pineau L. 1925. La politique française du pétrole et des combustibles liquides. Bulletin Quotidien de la Société d’études et d’informations économiques. 18 avril 1925. No87. P. 1–31. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pineau L. 1925. La politique française du pétrole et des combustibles liquides. Bulletin Quotidien de la Société d’études et d’informations économiques. 18 avril 1925. No87. P. 1–31. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Régime d’importation du pétrole. 1928. Annales de l’Office national des comustibles liquides. 3(2). P. 245–247.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Régime d’importation du pétrole. 1928. Annales de l’Office national des comustibles liquides. 3(2). P. 245–247.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salut S. 2006. Politique nationale du pétrole, sociétés nationales et «pétrole franc». Revue historique. No638. P. 355–388. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salut S. 2006. Politique nationale du pétrole, sociétés nationales et «pétrole franc». Revue historique. No638. P. 355–388. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sassi M. 2004a. Evolution of the Structure of the French Oil Economy between the Wars: Toward a French Holding Company. Business and Economic History On-Line. Vol. 2. P. 1–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sassi M. 2004a. Evolution of the Structure of the French Oil Economy between the Wars: Toward a French Holding Company. Business and Economic History On-Line. Vol. 2. P. 1–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sassi M. 2004b. Le rôle du technocrate: Ernest Mercier et la mise en place d’une industrie française entre les deux guerres [Electronic ressource]. Bulletin de l’IHTP. No84. (In French). URL: https://ihtp2004-siteihtp2004.ihtp.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article311&amp;lang=fr (accessed 13.02.2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sassi M. 2004b. Le rôle du technocrate: Ernest Mercier et la mise en place d’une industrie française entre les deux guerres [Electronic ressource]. Bulletin de l’IHTP. No84. (In French). URL: https://ihtp2004-siteihtp2004.ihtp.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article311&amp;lang=fr (accessed 13.02.2022)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scazzieri L. 2015. Britain, France and Mesopotamian Oil, 1916–1920. Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft. 26(1). P. 25–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scazzieri L. 2015. Britain, France and Mesopotamian Oil, 1916–1920. Diplomacy &amp; Statecraft. 26(1). P. 25–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith M.S. 2005. The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard UP. 575 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith M.S. 2005. The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard UP. 575 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soutou G.-H. 1976. L’impérialisme du pauvre: la politique économique du gouvernement français en Europe centrale et orientale de 1918 à 1929. Relations internationales. No7. P. 219– 239. (In French)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soutou G.-H. 1976. L’impérialisme du pauvre: la politique économique du gouvernement français en Europe centrale et orientale de 1918 à 1929. Relations internationales. No7. P. 219– 239. (In French)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stivers W. 1983. A Note on the Red Line Agreement. Diplomatic History. 7(1). P. 23–34. Sutton A.C. 1970. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1917 to 1930.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stivers W. 1983. A Note on the Red Line Agreement. Diplomatic History. 7(1). P. 23–34. Sutton A.C. 1970. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1917 to 1930.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">nd ed. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. 381 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2nd ed. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. 381 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toprani A. 2019. Oil and the Great Powers: Britain and Germany, 1914 to 1945. Oxford: Oxford UP. 336 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toprani A. 2019. Oil and the Great Powers: Britain and Germany, 1914 to 1945. Oxford: Oxford UP. 336 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисов Ю.В. 1964. Советско-французские отношения (1924–1945 гг.) Москва: Международные отношения. 551 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisov Ju.V. 1964. Sovetsko-francuzskie otnoshenija (1924–1945 gg.) [Soviet-French Relations (1924–1945)]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija Publ. 551 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боронов Р. 1977. Нефть и политика США на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке. Москва: Наука. 271 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boronov R. 1977. Neft’ i politika SShA na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke [Oil and the US Policy in the Near and Middle East]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. 271 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиахметова Г.Н. 2006. Англо-французское соперничество на Ближнем Востоке и строительство иракского нефтепровода (1928–1934). Известия Уральского государственного университета. Сер. 2. No47. С. 305–321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ergin D. 2006. Garantirovat’ jenergeticheskuju bezopasnost’ [To Guarantee the Energy Security] [Electronic ressource]. Rossija v global’noj politike. No1. (In Russian) URL: http://www. globalaffairs.ru/number/n_6320 (accessed 13.02.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиахметова Г.Н. 2009. Иракская нефть в международной политике на Ближнем Востоке (1928–1941 гг.). Новая и новейшая история. No6. С. 32–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ergin D. 2011. Dobycha: Vsemirnaja istorija bor’by za neft’, den’gi i vlast’ [The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power]. Moscow: «Al’pina Publ.». 944 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиахметова Г.Н. 2010. Иракская нефть в политике великих держав на Ближнем Востоке (1932–1941 гг.). Москва: ИВ РАН. 444 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomin A.M. 2010. Vojna s prodolzheniem. Velikobritanija i Francija v bor'be za «Osmanskoe nasledstvo». 1918–1923 [War Continues. Great Britain and France Struggling for the “Ottoman Heritage”. 1918–1923]. Moscow: Russkij fond sodejstvija obrazovaniju i nauke. 449 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ергин Д. 2006. Гарантировать энергетическую безопасность [Электронный ресурс] Россия в глобальной политике. Январь–февраль. No1. URL: http://www.globalaffairs.ru/ number/n_6320 (дата обращения – 13.02.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobolev E.V. 2007. Anglo-amerikanskoe sopernichestvo za neft’ Arabskih jemiratov Persidskogo zaliva (1923–1938 gg.) [Anglo-American Struggle for the Oil of Arabian Emirates in the Persian Gulf (1923–1938)]. Ph.D. Dissertation. Ekaterinburg: [s.l.]. 186 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ергин Д. 2011. Добыча: всемирная история борьбы за нефть, деньги и власть. Москва: «Альпина Паблишер». 944 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tardieu A. 1943. Mir [The World]. Moscow: Gospolitizdat. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболев Е.В. 2007. Англо-американское соперничество за нефть Арабских эмиратов Персидского залива (1923–1938 гг.). Дисс. ... канд. ист. наук. Екатеринбург: [б.и.]. 186 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilli Ch. 2009. Prinuzhdenie, kapital i evropejskie gosudarstva. 990–1992 gg. [Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990]. Moscow: Izdatel’skij dom «Territorija budushhego». 360 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тардье А. 1943. Мир. Москва: Госполитиздат.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiahmetova G.N. 2006. Anglo-francuzskoe sopernichestvo na Blizhnem Vostoke i stroitel’stvo irakskogo nefteprovoda (1928–1934) [Anglo-French Struggle in the Near East and the Construction of the Irak Pipeline (1928–1934)]. Izvestija Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. 2. No47. P. 305–321. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тилли Ч. 2009. Принуждение, капитал и европейские государства. 990–1992 гг. Москва: Издательский дом «Территория будущего». 360 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiahmetova G.N. 2009. Irakskaja neft’ v mezhdunarodnoj politike na Blizhnem Vostoke (1928–1941 gody) [Irak Oil in the International Policy in the Near East (1928–1941)]. Novaja i novejshaja istorija. No6. P. 32–50. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомин А.М. 2010. Война с продолжением. Великобритания и Франция в борьбе за «Османское наследство». 1918–1923. Москва: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке. 449 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiahmetova G.N. 2010. Irakskaja neft’ v politike velikih derzhav na Blizhnem Vostoke (1932–1941 gg.) [Irak Oil in the Great Powers’ Politics in the Near East (1932–1941)]. Moscow: RAS Institute of the East. 444 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
