mgimoreviewВестник МГИМО-УниверситетаMGIMO Review of International Relations2071-81602541-9099MGIMO Universty Press10.24833/2071-8160-2023-6-93-223-249mgimoreview-3574Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Международная политическая экономияRESEARCH ARTICLES. International Political EconomyХуацяо нунчан: обособленные поселения китайских реэмигрантов внутри КитаяHuaqiao Nongchang: Isolated Settlements of Overseas Chinese Inside ChinaСтруковаП. Э.StrukovaP. E.

Полина Эдуардовна Струкова – PhD, доцент кафедры иностранных языков

КНР, г. Гуанчжоу, р-н Цунхуа, ул. Вэньцюань дадао, д. 882

Polina E. Strukova – PhD, Associate Professor at School of Foreign Languages

Wenquan dadao, 882, Conghua, Guangzhou, PRC, 510900.

st-polina@yandex.ruГуанчжоуский Институт НаньфанКитайGuangzhou Nanfang CollegeChina202317012024166223249Copyright © Струкова П.Э., 20242024Струкова П.Э.Strukova P.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/3574

В предлагаемом исследовании даётся описание и общий анализ административных единиц хуацяо нунчан – фермерских хозяйств китайских реэмигрантов на территории современного Китая. Данные поселения как один из вариантов администрирования эмигрантов были заселены в три этапа в 1950–1980-х гг. Изначально они имели вид сельскохозяйственных единиц, первыми жителями которых стали этнические китайцы, массово возвращавшиеся из Малайзии, Индонезии, Вьетнама и некоторых других стран в Китайскую Народную Республику. Автор ставит перед собой задачу восполнить пробелы в описании данного феномена, а также предпринимает попытку анализа логики создания и периодизации этапов заселения и реформирования данных административных единиц на территории Китая, структурируя и обобщая имеющуюся информацию. Особенность данной статьи состоит в привязке к историческому контексту, что позволяет понять специфику поселений данного типа. В результате анализа работ китайских экспертов выявлена главная причина выбора властями КНР данного формата организации переселенцев: это был способ быстрого решения проблемы голода и трудоустройства больших масс беженцев. Со временем в данном формате внутренней работы с эмигрантами обнаружилось много недостатков. Изначальная экономическая несостоятельность поселений, неблагоприятный социокультурный фон и отсутствие грамотного подхода в организации жизни переселенцев требовали постоянного реформирования. Постепенная трансформация части хозяйств хуацяо нунчан из убыточных госхозов в прибыльные сельскохозяйственные предприятия происходила за счёт децентрализации принятия решений, переориентации на локальные рынки, снятия социального напряжения, обучения кадров и интеграции замкнутых на себе поселений в экономику Китая. Иллюстративно приведены выдержки из воспоминаний самих переселенцев, в контексте представлена и краткая характеристика некоторых фермерских хозяйств хуацяо как способа администрирования и социализации вернувшихся на родину китайских эмигрантов. Кроме того, в статье даётся краткий анализ терминологии, связанной с данной темой.

This study offers a comprehensive exploration and analysis of "huaqiao nongchang," commonly known as overseas Chinese farms, situated within contemporary China's territorial boundaries. These administrative units, established in the 1950s-1980s, served as an intriguing aspect of emigrant administration and were established in three distinct phases. Initially, they functioned as agricultural entities, predominantly inhabited by ethnic Chinese returning en masse from countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and others to the newlyformed People's Republic of China in 1949.

The author's primary objective is to fill gaps in our understanding of this phenomenon and to dissect the logic behind the stages of their creation, settlement, and subsequent reforms within China. This article excels in its contextualization within the historical framework, shedding light on the unique characteristics of these settlements. A comprehensive analysis of works by Chinese experts uncovers a significant reason for the PRC authorities' adoption of this approach: it provided a swift solution to hunger-related issues and the employment of vast refugee populations.As time progressed, drawbacks in this approach to managing emigrants became apparent. The initial economic struggles of these settlements, coupled with unfavorable socio-cultural environments and a lack of effective organizational strategies for settlers, necessitated ongoing reforms. The transformation of certain "huaqiao nongchang" units from unproductive state farms into profitable agricultural enterprises occurred due to various factors, including decentralization of decision-making, redirection toward local markets, alleviation of social tensions, workforce training, and their integration into the broader Chinese economy.

This article supplements its analysis with excerpts from settlers' memoirs, offering firsthand insights into the lives and experiences of overseas Chinese emigrants returning to their homeland. Additionally, it provides a concise examination of the terminology associated with this subject matter.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.