<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2025-1-100-100-123</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-3867</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Международная политическая экономия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. International Political Economy</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Декарбонизация теплоснабжения в Южной Европе: стратегия, вызовы и социальные последствия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Decarbonization of Heat Supply in Southern Europe: Strategy, Challenges, and Social Implications</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зимаков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zimakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Владимирович Зимаков – кандидат экономических наук, научный сотрудник Центра европейских исследований</p><p>117997, Москва, Профсоюзная ул., 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei V. Zimakov – PhD in Economics, Research Fellow at the Center for European Studies</p><p>117997, Moscow, Profsoyuznaya St., 23, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrey.zimakov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский институт Мировой экономики и международных отношений имени  &#13;
Е. М. Примакова Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations of RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зимаков А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zimakov A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/3867">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/3867</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена стратегии декарбонизации теплоснабжения жилого фонда в Португалии, Испании и Греции, что методологически обусловлено схожестью физико-географических и социо-экономических характеристик, а также структуры жилищного фонда названных стран южной периферии Европейского союза. Исследован опыт этих стран, проведён сравнительный анализ стратегий декарбонизации в этом регионе и в северных странах ЕС, где применяется самая передовая в Евросоюзе стратегия – «скандинавская модель», заключающаяся в развитии высокотехнологичных систем централизованного теплоснабжения на основе ВИЭ. Выделены причины, по которым в настоящее время этот подход находит ограниченное применение в странах Южной Европы, за исключением Испании – здесь отмечаются высокие темпы прироста новых экологичных централизованных систем. Масштабирование успешной практики северных стран сдерживается спецификой жилого фонда европейского юга, а именно высокой долей старых зданий, имеющих низкую энергоэффективность: серьёзные теплопотери жилых строений лишают привлекательности инвестиции в централизованное теплоснабжение. В статье проанализирована взаимосвязь низкой энергоэффективности зданий с проблемой энергетической бедности: из-за высоких теплопотерь затраты на обогрев столь существенны, что имеются случаи отказа от отопления. Автор приходит к выводу, что комплексной стратегией стран Южной Европы, учитывающей как необходимость декарбонизации теплоснабжения, так и противодействие энергетической бедности, стало субсидирование энергоэффективной реновации зданий в комбинации с модернизацией индивидуального котельного оборудования. Реализуемая при частичном финансировании Евросоюза, данная стратегия включает выплаты беднейшим домохозяйствам для покрытия затрат на повышение энергоэффективности. Энергоэффективная реновация – это универсальная стратегия, которая решает целый комплекс климатических и социальных задач стран Южной Европы: снижение выбросов СО2 в атмосферу, повышение уровня энергоэффективности и сокращение энергетической бедности. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article explores the approaches to decarbonizing heat supply in the residential sectors of three Southern EU countries: Portugal, Spain, and Greece. Unlike Northern European countries, where heat supply decarbonization strategies predominantly rely on the promotion of fourth-generation district heating systems that integrate renewable heat sources, the adoption of this ‘Scandinavian model’ has been largely ineffective in the Southern European context. Among the countries analyzed, Spain is the only one that has made notable progress in developing decarbonized district heating solutions. However, the broader implementation of these systems is constrained by the low energy efficiency of residential building stocks in Southern Europe, which leads to high heat losses and discourages investment in district heating infrastructure.A critical issue exacerbating this challenge is the widespread problem of low energy performance in residential buildings, which not only reduces the feasibility of district heating but also contributes significantly to energy poverty. Higher heating costs place a disproportionate burden on low-income households, further underscoring the urgency of effective decarbonization strategies. In response, the primary approach pursued in Portugal, Spain, and Greece focuses on large-scale building renovations aimed at improving energy efficiency while modernizing individual heating systems. Supported by EU funding, these initiatives include targeted subsidies for economically disadvantaged households, ensuring that the transition to sustainable heating does not exacerbate existing inequalities.Building renovation as a decarbonization strategy is viewed as a comprehensive solution that simultaneously reduces CO₂ emissions, enhances energy efficiency, and mitigates some of the most pressing socio-economic challenges linked to energy poverty. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains contingent on sustained financial support, technological advancements, and the ability to integrate energy-efficient heating technologies at scale. The article highlights the need for policy coordination between national governments and EU institutions to create a cohesive framework that accelerates the decarbonization of the heat supply sector in Southern Europe while ensuring social equity and economic feasibility.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ЕС</kwd><kwd>Южная Европа</kwd><kwd>теплоснабжение</kwd><kwd>энергопереход</kwd><kwd>декарбонизация</kwd><kwd>реновация</kwd><kwd>жилой фонд</kwd><kwd>энергоэффективность</kwd><kwd>энергетическая бедность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>EU</kwd><kwd>Southern Europe</kwd><kwd>heating</kwd><kwd>energy transition</kwd><kwd>decarbonization</kwd><kwd>renovation</kwd><kwd>residential building stock</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd><kwd>energy poverty</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbasi M.H. et al. 2021. Heat Transition in the European Building Sector: Overview of the Heat Decarbonisation Practices through Heat Pump Technology. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 48(8). 101630. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101630</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbasi M.H. et al. 2021. Heat Transition in the European Building Sector: Overview of the Heat Decarbonisation Practices through Heat Pump Technology. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 48(8). 101630. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101630</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellet Sanfeliu C. 2021. The Evolution of Urban Planning in Medium-Sized Catalan Cities (1979–2019). Urban Science. 5(2). 36. DOI: 10.3390/urbansci5020036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellet Sanfeliu C. 2021. The Evolution of Urban Planning in Medium-Sized Catalan Cities (1979–2019). Urban Science. 5(2). 36. DOI: 10.3390/urbansci5020036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bienvenido-Huertas D. 2020. Analysis of the Relationship of the Improvement of Façades and Thermal Bridges of Spanish Building Stock with the Mitigation of Its Energy and Environmental Impact. Energies. 13(17). 4499. DOI: 10.3390/en13174499</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bienvenido-Huertas D. 2020. Analysis of the Relationship of the Improvement of Façades and Thermal Bridges of Spanish Building Stock with the Mitigation of Its Energy and Environmental Impact. Energies. 13(17). 4499. DOI: 10.3390/en13174499</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buffa S., Cozzinia M., D’Antonia M., Baratierib M., Fedrizzia R. 2019. 5th Generation District</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buffa S., Cozzinia M., D’Antonia M., Baratierib M., Fedrizzia R. 2019. 5th Generation District</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heating and Cooling Systems: A Review of Existing Cases in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. №104. P. 504–522. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heating and Cooling Systems: A Review of Existing Cases in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. №104. P. 504–522. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellazzi L., Paci D., Zangheri P. et al. 2022. Assessment of the First Long-Term Renovation Strategies under the Energy Performance of Building Directive (Art. 2a). European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Publications Office of the European Union. 191 p. DOI: 10.2760/535845</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellazzi L., Paci D., Zangheri P. et al. 2022. Assessment of the First Long-Term Renovation Strategies under the Energy Performance of Building Directive (Art. 2a). European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Publications Office of the European Union. 191 p. DOI: 10.2760/535845</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fowler T. et al. 2015. Excess Winter Deaths in Europe: a Multi-Country Descriptive Analysis.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fowler T. et al. 2015. Excess Winter Deaths in Europe: a Multi-Country Descriptive Analysis.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Journal of Public Health. 25(2). April. P. 339–345. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Journal of Public Health. 25(2). April. P. 339–345. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gangolells M. et al. 2019. Energy Benchmarking of Existing Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers. Sustainability. №11. 6356. DOI: 10.3390/su11226356</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gangolells M. et al. 2019. Energy Benchmarking of Existing Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers. Sustainability. №11. 6356. DOI: 10.3390/su11226356</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gasparrini A. et al 2015. Mortality Risk Attributable to High and Low Ambient Temperature: a Multicountry Observational Study. Lancet. №386. P. 369–375. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasparrini A. et al 2015. Mortality Risk Attributable to High and Low Ambient Temperature: a Multicountry Observational Study. Lancet. №386. P. 369–375. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gouveia J.P., Palma, P. 2021. Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Portugal. EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action. URL: https://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stockportugal</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gouveia J.P., Palma, P. 2021. Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Portugal. EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action. URL: https://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stockportugal</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gouveia J.P., Seixas J., Palma P., Duarte H., Luz H., Cavadini G.B. 2021. Positive Energy District: A Model for Historic Districts to Address Energy Poverty. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. №3. 648473. DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2021.648473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gouveia J.P., Seixas J., Palma P., Duarte H., Luz H., Cavadini G.B. 2021. Positive Energy District: A Model for Historic Districts to Address Energy Poverty. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. №3. 648473. DOI: 10.3389/frsc.2021.648473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy J.D. 2003. Excess Winter Mortality in Europe: a Cross Country Analysis Identifying Key Risk Factors. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Vol. 57. P. 784–789.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy J.D. 2003. Excess Winter Mortality in Europe: a Cross Country Analysis Identifying Key Risk Factors. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Vol. 57. P. 784–789.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horta A., Gouveia J. P., Schmidt L., Sousa J. C., Palma P., Simões S. 2019. Energy Poverty in Portugal: Combining Vulnerability Mapping with Household Interviews. Energy and Buildings. №203. 109423. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109423</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horta A., Gouveia J. P., Schmidt L., Sousa J. C., Palma P., Simões S. 2019. Energy Poverty in Portugal: Combining Vulnerability Mapping with Household Interviews. Energy and Buildings. №203. 109423. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109423</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaac M., van Vuuren D.P. 2009. Modeling Global Residential Sector Energy Demand for Heating and Air Conditioning in the Context of Climate Change. Energy Policy. №37. P. 507–521. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaac M., van Vuuren D.P. 2009. Modeling Global Residential Sector Energy Demand for Heating and Air Conditioning in the Context of Climate Change. Energy Policy. №37. P. 507–521. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kranzl L. et al. 2022. Renewable Space Heating under the Revised Renewable Energy Directive. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 226 p. DOI: 10.2833/525486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kranzl L. et al. 2022. Renewable Space Heating under the Revised Renewable Energy Directive. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 226 p. DOI: 10.2833/525486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyprianou I., Serghides D. K., Varo A., Gouveia J. P., Kopeva, D., Murauskaite L. 2019. Energy Poverty Policies and Measures in 5 EU Countries: A Comparative Study. Energy and Buildings. №196. P. 46–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyprianou I., Serghides D. K., Varo A., Gouveia  J. P., Kopeva, D., Murauskaite L. 2019. Energy Poverty Policies and Measures in 5 EU Countries: A Comparative Study. Energy and Buildings. №196. P. 46–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lund H., Østergaard A., Nielsen T., Werner S. 2021. Perspectives on Fourth and Fifth Generation District Heating. Energy. 227. 120520. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120520</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lund H., Østergaard A., Nielsen T., Werner S. 2021. Perspectives on Fourth and Fifth Generation District Heating. Energy. 227. 120520. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120520</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mastrucci A., van Ruijven B., Byers E. et al. 2021. Global Scenarios of Residential Heating and Cooling Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions. Climatic Change. 168(14). DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03229-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mastrucci A., van Ruijven B., Byers E. et al. 2021. Global Scenarios of Residential Heating and Cooling Energy Demand and CO2 Emissions. Climatic Change. 168(14). DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03229-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKee C.M. 1989. Deaths in Winter: Can Britain Learn from Europe? European Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 5. P. 178–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKee C.M. 1989. Deaths in Winter: Can Britain Learn from Europe? European Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 5. P. 178–182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Middlemiss L., Ambrosio-Albalá P., Emmel N., Gillard R., Gilbertson J. 2019. Energy Poverty and Social Relations: A Capabilities Approach. Energy Research &amp; Social Science. №55. P. 227–235. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2019.05.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Middlemiss L., Ambrosio-Albalá P., Emmel N., Gillard R., Gilbertson J. 2019. Energy Poverty and Social Relations: A Capabilities Approach. Energy Research &amp; Social Science. №55. P. 227–235. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2019.05.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palma P., Gouveia J. P., Simoes S. 2019. Mapping the Energy Performance Gap of Dwelling Stock at High Resolution Scale: Implications for Thermal Comfort in Portuguese Households. Energy and Buildings. №190. P. 246–261. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palma P., Gouveia J. P., Simoes S. 2019. Mapping the Energy Performance Gap of Dwelling Stock at High Resolution Scale: Implications for Thermal Comfort in Portuguese Households. Energy and Buildings. №190. P. 246–261. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Primc K., Slabe-Erker R. 2020. Social Policy or Energy Policy? Time to Reconsider Energy Poverty Policies. Energy for Sustainable Development. №55. P. 32–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2020.01.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Primc K., Slabe-Erker R. 2020. Social Policy or Energy Policy? Time to Reconsider Energy Poverty Policies. Energy for Sustainable Development. №55. P. 32–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2020.01.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez L., Villa D., Mantiñán P. 2021. The Lessons of Public–Private Collaboration for Energy Regeneration in a Spanish City. The Case of Txantrea Neighbourhood (Pamplona). Sustainability. 13(4). 1610. DOI: 10.3390/su13041610</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez L., Villa D., Mantiñán P. 2021. The Lessons of Public–Private Collaboration for Energy Regeneration in a Spanish City. The Case of Txantrea Neighbourhood (Pamplona). Sustainability. 13(4). 1610. DOI: 10.3390/su13041610</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stojilovska A., Dokupilova D., Gouveia J.P., Bajomi A., Tirado-Herrero S., Feldmar N., Kyprianou I., Feenstra M. 2023. As Essential as Bread: Fuelwood Use as a Cultural Practice to Cope with Energy Poverty in Europe. Energy Research &amp; Social Science. №97. P. 102987. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2023.102987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stojilovska A., Dokupilova D., Gouveia J.P., Bajomi A., Tirado-Herrero S., Feldmar N., Kyprianou I., Feenstra M. 2023. As Essential as Bread: Fuelwood Use as a Cultural Practice to Cope with Energy Poverty in Europe. Energy Research &amp; Social Science. №97. P. 102987. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2023.102987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasconcelos J., Freire E., Morais J., Machado J. R., Santana P. 2011. The Health Impacts of Poor Housing Conditions and Thermal Discomfort. Procedia Environmental Sciences. №4. P. 58–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasconcelos J., Freire E., Morais J., Machado J. R., Santana P. 2011. The Health Impacts of Poor Housing Conditions and Thermal Discomfort. Procedia Environmental Sciences. №4. P. 58–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlassopoulos C. 2020. Persistent Lignite Dependency: The Greek Energy Sector under Pressure. Energy Policy. 147(1). P. 111825. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlassopoulos C. 2020. Persistent Lignite Dependency: The Greek Energy Sector under Pressure. Energy Policy. 147(1). P. 111825. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алиев Р.А., Исмаилова Г.Ф. 2015. Зеленая экономика в Азербайджанской Республике: предпосылки и направления развития. Науковедение. 7(6). 615 с. DOI: 10.15862/107EVN615</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliev R.A., Ismailova G.F. 2015. [Zelenaya ekonomika v Azerbajdzhanskoj Respublike: predposylki i napravleniya razvitiya] «Green economy» in the Republic of Azebaijan. Prerequisites and Directions of the Development. Naukovedenie. 7(6). 615 p. DOI: 10.15862/107EVN615</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дигилина О.Б., Верстин Н.А. 2022. Общее и специфическое в теплоснабжении постсоветских стран Центральной Азии. Экономика Центральной Азии. 6(4). С. 325–340. DOI: 10.18334/asia.6.4.116794</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Digilina O.B., Verstin N.A. 2022. Obshchee i specificheskoe v teplosnabzhenii postsovetskih stran Central'noj Azii [Common and Specific Heat Supply in Post-Soviet Central Asia]. Ekonomika Central'noj Azii. 6(4). P. 325–340. DOI: 10.18334/asia.6.4.116794</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А.В. 2019. Европейские стратегии экологизации теплоснабжения. Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 63(8). С. 39–46. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-8-39-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaveshnikov N.Yu. 2018. Evropeiskii Soyuz: ekonomicheskii rost bez rosta energopotrebleniya? [Economic growth in the European Union without growth of energy consumption?] Nauchnoanaliticheskii vestnik IE RAN. №4. 41-48. DOI: 10.15211/vestnikieran420184148 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кавешников Н.Ю. 2018. Европейский союз: экономический рост без роста энергопотребления? Научно-аналитический вестник ИЕ РАН. №4. С. 41–48. DOI: 10.15211/ vestnikieran420184148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kvashnin Yu. Sovremennye Afiny: migratsionnye protsessy i paradigmy gorodskogo razvitiya. [Modern Athens: Migration Processes and Paradigms of Urban Development]. Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law. 13(1). P. 84–101. (In Russian) DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-1-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Квашнин Ю.Д. 2020. Современные Афины: миграционные процессы и парадигмы городского развития. Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 13(1). С. 84–101. DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-1-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Remizova A. 2020. Razvitie sistemy teplosnabzheniya kak pokazatel' realizatsii sotsial'noi infrastruktury. [District Heating Development as a Social Infrastructure Development Indicator]. Moskovskii ekonomicheskii zhurnal. №6. P. 587–595. DOI: 10.24411/2413-046X-2020-10398 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ремизова А. 2020. Развитие системы теплоснабжения как показатель реализации социальной инфраструктуры Московский экономический журнал. №6. С. 587–595. DOI: 10.24411/2413-046X-2020-10398</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumin A.M. 2018. Reformirovanie rynka elektroenergii: opyt Portugalii [Transformatioin of an Electricity Market: Portugal´s Experience]. Energeticheskaya politika. №6. P. 139–147. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Современная Греция в мировой экономике и политике. 2013. Под ред. Квашнина Ю.Д. Москва: Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений РАН. 184 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev P. 2020. Formula rosta: ekonomika Portugalii posle "revolyutsii gvozdik" [Growth Formula: Economy of Portugal after the “Carnation Revolution”]. Cuadernos Iberoamericanos. 8(3). P. 74–88. DOI: 10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-3-74-88 (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сумин А.М. 2018. Реформирование рынка электроэнергии: опыт Португалии. Энергетическая политика. №6. С. 139–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovleva N., Yakovlev P., Khenkin S., Kudeyarova N., Ermoleva E., Borzova A., Taiar V., Prokhorenko I. 2017. Ispaniya i Portugaliya v epokhu global'nykh transformatsii [Spain and Portugal in the Era of Global Transformations]. Moscow: Institute for Latin America RAS. 307 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлева Н.М., Яковлев П.П., Сидоренко Т.В., Хенкин С.М., Кудеярова Н.Ю., Шестакова Е.Е., Ермольева Э.Г., Борзова А.Ю., Тайар В.М., Прохоренко И.Л. 2017. Испания и Португалия в эпоху глобальных трансформаций Москва: Институт Латинской Америки РАН. 307 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov A.V. 2019. Evropeiskie strategii ekologizatsii teplosnabzheniya [European Strategic Approaches to Heating Decarbonisation]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 63(8). P. 39–46. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-8-39-46 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
