<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2025-4-103-85-109</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-4026</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. К юбилею академика А.В. Торкунова. Восток в мировой политике</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. On the Anniversary of Academician Anatoly Torkunov: The East in World Politics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Преодолевая ограничения «множества»: союз государства и общества против цифровой гегемонии техногигантов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Beyond the Multitude: State–Society Alliances as a Strategy Against Big Tech’s Digital Hegemony</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цзе</surname><given-names>Сюн</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Xiong</surname><given-names>Jie</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сюн Цзе (Xiong Jie) – директор Центра Глобального Юга Научно-исследовательского института глобальной коммуникации</p><p>КНР, 200051, Шанхай, Северная Чжуншаньская дорога (North Zhongshan Rd.), 3663</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jie Xiong – Director of Global South Center, International Communication Research Institute</p><p>North Zhongshan Rd. 3663 200051 Shanghai, China</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gigix1980@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт глобальной коммуникации Восточно-Китайского педагогического университета<country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">International Communication Research Institute, East China Normal University<country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цзе С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цзе С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Xiong J.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4026">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4026</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются ограничения преобладающих в западной науке подходов к анализу цифровой гегемонии американских технологических корпораций, сформированных под влиянием теоретического наследия Антонио Негри.</p><p>Подчёркивается, что акцент Негри на «множестве» и борьбе, основанной на идентичности, способствовал выявлению и осмыслению целого ряда противоречий — расовых, гендерных и классовых, — воспроизводимых и усиливаемых в цифровом пространстве. Вместе с тем категорическое отрицание роли суверенного государства как субъекта борьбы с гегемонией привели эти подходы к устойчивому стратегическому тупику.На основе обширного анализа критической литературы и эмпирических примеров исследуются различные формы стихийного сопротивления «снизу – вверх» — платформенные кооперативы, пиринговые сети, блокчейн-инициативы, аудит алгоритмов, просветительские кампании — и показывается их неспособность существенно поколебать монопольное положение Big Tech.Опираясь на «акторный треугольник» глобального управления Роберта Кокса (Империя, суверенное государство, гражданское общество), автор обосновывает, что эффективное противодействие цифровой гегемонии возможно лишь при формировании альянса государства и некооптированных сегментов гражданского общества. Отдельное внимание уделено странам Глобального Юга, где сочетание доминирования Big Tech и опосредованного через НПО гражданского общества зачастую подрывает усилия государств по обеспечению цифрового суверенитета. В качестве контрпримера рассмотрен опыт Китая, где с 2016 г. государство установило политические ограничения для национальных Big Tech, реализовало ориентированную на народ регуляторную политику и сохранило суверенный контроль над цифровым пространством. Несмотря на некоторые внутренние противоречия, данный опыт демонстрирует, что альянс государства и общества способен приносить ощутимые результаты в противостоянии цифровой мощи Империи.</p><p>В заключение делается вывод, что преодоление цифровой гегемонии требует отхода от парадигм, ориентированных на спонтанность, в пользу стратегий, поддержанных государством, — особенно в странах Глобального Юга.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article critically examines the limitations of prevailing Western critiques of American Big Tech’s digital hegemony, particularly those influenced by the theoretical framework of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. While the Negrian emphasis on the “multitude” and identity-based struggles has contributed to recognizing the multiple contradictions—racial, gendered, and class-based—that are reproduced and amplified in digital spaces, its categorical rejection of the sovereign state as a counter-hegemonic actor has led to a persistent strategic impasse. Through an extensive review of critical literature and empirical cases, the study analyses various forms of spontaneous, bottom-up resistance—including platform cooperativism, peer-to-peer networks, blockchain-based initiatives, algorithm audits, and public education campaigns—and demonstrates their inability to meaningfully challenge Big Tech’s monopolistic control. Using Robert Cox’s tripartite model of global power (Empire, sovereign state, and civil society), the article argues that effective resistance to digital hegemony requires alliances between the state and non-co-opted segments of civil society. The analysis extends to the Global South, where the combination of Big Tech dominance and NGOmediated civil society often undermines state-led digital sovereignty efforts. The case of China is presented as a noteworthy counterexample: since 2016, the Chinese government has placed political limits on domestic Big Tech, implemented people-centered regulatory policies, and maintained sovereign control over its digital space. While not without its contradictions, this model demonstrates that a state–society alliance can achieve tangible results in countering the Empire’s digital power.</p><p>The article concludes that overcoming digital hegemony requires moving beyond spontaneity-based paradigms toward structured, state-supported strategies—particularly in the Global South—capable of addressing the political-economic foundations of Big Tech’s global dominance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровая гегемония</kwd><kwd>Антонио Негри</kwd><kwd>коалиция государства и гражданского общества</kwd><kwd>Глобальный Юг</kwd><kwd>цифровой суверенитет</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Digital Hegemony</kwd><kwd>Negrian Framework</kwd><kwd>State–Civil Society Alliance</kwd><kwd>Global South</kwd><kwd>Digital Sovereignty</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauwens M. 2013. Thesis on Digital Labor in an Emerging P2P Economy. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay, New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauwens M. 2013. Thesis on Digital Labor in an Emerging P2P Economy. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay, New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamin R. 2020. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Cambridge: Polity.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamin R. 2020. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Cambridge: Polity.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casilli A. 2017. Digital Labor Studies Go Global. International Journal of Communication. №11. Р. 3934–3954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casilli A. 2017. Digital Labor Studies Go Global. International Journal of Communication. №11. Р. 3934–3954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costanza-Chock S. 2020. Design Justice: Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costanza-Chock S. 2020. Design Justice: Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couldry N. and Mejias U.A. 2019. The Costs of Connection: How Data is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couldry N. and Mejias U.A. 2019. The Costs of Connection: How Data is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox R.W. 2007. ‘The International’ in Evolution. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35(3). Р. 513–527. DOI: 10.1177/03058298070350030901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox R.W. 2007. ‘The International’ in Evolution. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35(3). Р. 513–527. DOI: 10.1177/03058298070350030901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dean J. 2013. Whatever Blogging. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 162–188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dean J. 2013. Whatever Blogging. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 162–188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dean J. 2019. Critique or Collectivity? Communicative Capitalism and the Subject of Politics. Chandler D. and Fuchs C. (eds). Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data. Essay. London: University of Westminster. Р. 171–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dean J. 2019. Critique or Collectivity? Communicative Capitalism and the Subject of Politics. Chandler D. and Fuchs C. (eds). Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data. Essay. London: University of Westminster. Р. 171–182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dourish P. and Mainwaring S.D. 2012. UBICOMP’s Colonial Impulse. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dourish P. and Mainwaring S.D. 2012. UBICOMP’s Colonial Impulse. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eubanks V. 2019. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York, NY: Picador.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eubanks V. 2019. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York, NY: Picador.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fuchs C. 2013. Class and Exploitation on the Internet. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 263–279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuchs C. 2013. Class and Exploitation on the Internet. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 263–279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fuchs C. 2015. Baidu, Weibo and Renren: The Global Political Economy of Social media in China. Asian Journal of Communication. 26(1). Р. 14–41. DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2015.1041537 Hardt M. and Negri A. 2001. Empire. Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuchs C. 2015. Baidu, Weibo and Renren: The Global Political Economy of Social media in China. Asian Journal of Communication. 26(1). Р. 14–41. DOI: 10.1080/01292986.2015.1041537 Hardt M. and Negri A. 2001. Empire. Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardt M. and Negri A. 2011. Commonwealth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardt M. and Negri A. 2011. Commonwealth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey D., Hardt M. and Negri A. 2009. Commonwealth: An Exchange. Artforum. 48(3).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey D., Hardt M. and Negri A. 2009. Commonwealth: An Exchange. Artforum. 48(3).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jallat F. and Capek M.J. 2001. Disintermediation in Question: New Economy, New Networks, New Middlemen. Business Horizons. 44(2). Р. 55–60. DOI: 10.1016/S0007-6813(01)80023-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jallat F. and Capek M.J. 2001. Disintermediation in Question: New Economy, New Networks, New Middlemen. Business Horizons. 44(2). Р. 55–60. DOI: 10.1016/S0007-6813(01)80023-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kavada A. 2019. The Movement Party – Winning Elections and Transforming Democracy in a Digital Era : Reflections on Paolo Gerbaudo’s Chapter. Chandler D. and Fuchs C. (eds). Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data. Essay. London: University Of Westminster. Р. 199–204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kavada A. 2019. The Movement Party – Winning Elections and Transforming Democracy in a Digital Era : Reflections on Paolo Gerbaudo’s Chapter. Chandler D. and Fuchs C. (eds). Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data. Essay. London: University Of Westminster. Р. 199–204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosnik A.D. 2013. Fandom as Free Labor. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 123–142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosnik A.D. 2013. Fandom as Free Labor. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 123–142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwet M. 2019. Digital Colonialism: US Empire and the New Imperialism in the Global South. Race &amp; Class. 60(4). Р. 3–26. DOI: 10.1177/0306396818823172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwet M. 2019. Digital Colonialism: US Empire and the New Imperialism in the Global South. Race &amp; Class. 60(4). Р. 3–26. DOI: 10.1177/0306396818823172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lü X. 2018. “Archaeologies of the Future” in the New Media Era: The Reform of Chinese Media in the Perspective of Communication Political Economics. Journal of Shanghai University (Social Sciences Edition). 35(1). Р. 121–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lü X. 2018. “Archaeologies of the Future” in the New Media Era: The Reform of Chinese Media in the Perspective of Communication Political Economics. Journal of Shanghai University (Social Sciences Edition). 35(1). Р. 121–140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madden M., Gilman M., Levy K., et al. 2017. Privacy, Poverty, and Big Data: A Matrix of Vulnerabilities for Poor Americans. Washington University Law Review. 95(1). Р. 53–125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madden M., Gilman M., Levy K., et al. 2017. Privacy, Poverty, and Big Data: A Matrix of Vulnerabilities for Poor Americans. Washington University Law Review. 95(1). Р. 53–125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marx K. 1976. The Poverty of Philosophy. Marx–Engels Collected Works. Essay. New York: International Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marx K. 1976. The Poverty of Philosophy. Marx–Engels Collected Works. Essay. New York: International Publishers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marx K. 1977. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. New York: Penguin.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marx K. 1977. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. New York: Penguin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masmoudi M. 1979. New World Information Order. Journal of Communication. 29(2). Р. 172–179.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masmoudi M. 1979. New World Information Order. Journal of Communication. 29(2). Р. 172–179.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayer M. and Lu Y.-C. 2023. Digital Autonomy? Measuring the Global Digital Dependence Structure. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4404826</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayer M. and Lu Y.-C. 2023. Digital Autonomy? Measuring the Global Digital Dependence Structure. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4404826</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McIlwain C.D. 2021. Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AFRONET to Black Lives Matter. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McIlwain C.D. 2021. Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AFRONET to Black Lives Matter. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mezzadra S. and Neilson B. 2019. The Politics of Operations: Excavating Contemporary Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mezzadra S. and Neilson B. 2019. The Politics of Operations: Excavating Contemporary Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mhlambi S. 2020. From Rationality to Relationality: Ubuntu as an Ethical and Human Rights Framework for Artificial Intelligence Governance. Carr Center Discussion Paper Series. №9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mhlambi S. 2020. From Rationality to Relationality: Ubuntu as an Ethical and Human Rights Framework for Artificial Intelligence Governance. Carr Center Discussion Paper Series. №9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miliband R. 1985. The New Revisionism in Britain. New Left Review. №150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miliband R. 1985. The New Revisionism in Britain. New Left Review. №150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negri A. and Hardt M. 2014. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. New York: Penguin Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negri A. and Hardt M. 2014. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. New York: Penguin Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negri A. and Valvola Scelsi R. 2006. Goodbye Mr. Socialism. Milano: Feltrinelli.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negri A. and Valvola Scelsi R. 2006. Goodbye Mr. Socialism. Milano: Feltrinelli.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noble S.U. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noble S.U. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nothias T. 2020. Access Granted: Facebook’s Free Basics in Africa. Media, Culture &amp; Society. 42(3). P. 329–348. DOI: 10.1177/0163443719890530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nothias T. 2020. Access Granted: Facebook’s Free Basics in Africa. Media, Culture &amp; Society. 42(3). P. 329–348. DOI: 10.1177/0163443719890530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Neil C. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Neil C. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiu J.L. 2016. Goodbye iSlave: A Manifesto for Digital Abolition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiu J.L. 2016. Goodbye iSlave: A Manifesto for Digital Abolition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross A. 2013. In Search of the Lost Paycheck. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 13–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross A. 2013. In Search of the Lost Paycheck. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 13–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schiller H.I. 1992. Mass Communications and American Empire. Westview Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schiller H.I. 1992. Mass Communications and American Empire. Westview Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scholz T. 2013. Introduction: Why Does Digital Labor Matter Now? Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scholz T. 2013. Introduction: Why Does Digital Labor Matter Now? Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. Р. 1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srnicek N. 2021. Platform Capitalism. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srnicek N. 2021. Platform Capitalism. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terranova T. 2013. Free Labor. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. P. 44–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terranova T. 2013. Free Labor. Scholz T. (ed.). Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory. Essay. New York: Routledge. P. 44–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thatcher J., O’Sullivan D. and Mahmoudi D. 2016. Data Colonialism through Accumulation by Dispossession: New Metaphors for Daily Data. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 34(6). P. 990–1006. DOI: 10.1177/0263775816633195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thatcher J., O’Sullivan D. and Mahmoudi D. 2016. Data Colonialism through Accumulation by Dispossession: New Metaphors for Daily Data. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 34(6). P. 990–1006. DOI: 10.1177/0263775816633195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuboff S. 2020. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuboff S. 2020. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
