<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2026-2-107-47-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-4278</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Европейское измерение мировой политики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. The European Dimension of World Politics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Национальные особенности освещения Карибского кризиса в западноевропейской прессе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>National Patterns in Western European Newspaper Coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филаткина</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatkina</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гелия Сергеевна Филаткина – кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры зарубежной журналистики и литературы, факультет журналистики</p><p>Москва, 125009, ул. Моховая, 9с1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gelia S. Filatkina – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Journalism and Literature, Faculty of Journalism</p><p>9, Mokhovaya St., bldg. 1, 125009, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">filatkinags@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреева</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireeva</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полина Андреевна Киреева – научный сотрудник кафедры зарубежной журналистики и литературы, факультет журналистики</p><p>Москва, 125009, ул. Моховая, 9с1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina A. Kireeva – Research Fellow, Department of Foreign Journalism and Literature, Faculty of Journalism</p><p>9, Mokhovaya St., bldg. 1, 125009, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polinakireeva_msu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслина</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslina</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Георгиевна Маслина – кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры зарубежной журналистики и литературы, факультет журналистики</p><p>Москва, 125009, ул. Моховая, 9с1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria G. Maslina – PhD in Philology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Journalism and Literature, Faculty of Journalism</p><p>9, Mokhovaya St., bldg. 1, 125009, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maria270292@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пуцева</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putseva</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Дмитриевна Пуцева – старший преподаватель кафедры зарубежной журналистики и литературы, факультет журналистики</p><p>125009, ул. Моховая, 9с1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria D. Putseva – Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Journalism and Literature, Faculty of Journalism</p><p>9, Mokhovaya St., bldg. 1, 125009, Moscow, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">putseva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Филаткина Г.С., Киреева П.А., Маслина М.Г., Пуцева М.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филаткина Г.С., Киреева П.А., Маслина М.Г., Пуцева М.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filatkina G.S., Kireeva P.A., Maslina M.G., Putseva M.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4278">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4278</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена исследованию подходов прессы трёх европейских стран – Великобритании, Франции и Испании – к освещению Карибского кризиса 1962 г. Несмотря на то, что эти государства не были непосредственными участниками ракетного кризиса, их ведущие издания (The Guardian, The Telegraph, Le Monde, Le Figaro, ABC, La Vanguardia Española) уделяли ему значительное внимание, формируя у своих аудиторий картину одного из самых опасных эпизодов Холодной войны. В ходе контент-анализа 493 публикаций в настоящем исследовании были систематизированы данные об авторском корпусе, выявлена жанровая специфика текстов, особенности их визуального сопровождения, основные характеристики источниковой базы, а также редакционные приоритеты в представлении позиций стран – участниц конфликта и инструменты формирования отношения аудитории европейской прессы к Карибскому кризису.</p><p>Сравнительный анализ полученных данных позволил определить специфику редакционных подходов ведущих европейских изданий. Британские газеты The Guardian и The Telegraph демонстрировали рационально-критический подход. Уделяя большее внимание освещению позиции США, редакции одновременно предоставляли площадку для читательской дискуссии, содержавшей критику действий администрации Дж. Кеннеди. Формирование негативного образа Советского Союза шло не за счёт экспрессивной тональности, а с помощью логической аргументации и риторических приёмов. Французские газеты Le Monde и Le Figaro опирались на институциональную оптику в осмыслении кризиса, привлекая экспертные оценки, позволяющие разобраться в возможных последствиях кризиса для европейской безопасности. В большинстве публикаций Le Monde и Le Figaro отражали американскую позицию, однако в первые дни Карибского кризиса издания предпринимали попытку осветить все три стороны конфликта. Экспрессивное освещение событий на Кубе характерно для испанских газет ABC и La Vanguardia Española. Откровенный антикоммунистический настрой франкистской Испании способствовал ярким и безапелляционным оценкам кубинского лидера, несмотря на историческую и культурную близость Испании с Кубой.</p><p>Полученные результаты позволяют зафиксировать дихотомию «солидарность – суверенитет» в функционировании западной прессы периода Холодной войны. С одной стороны, европейские СМИ, действуя в логике поддержания биполярной системы, демонстрировали солидарность со своим союзником, ретранслируя преимущественно нарратив американской стороны. С другой стороны, ярко проявилась дифференциация национальных редакционных стратегий, обусловленная историческими приоритетами и актуальными задачами внешней политики каждой страны.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines national patterns in Western European newspaper coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. While the crisis has traditionally been studied through the actions of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba, its perception in allied but non-participant European states remains less explored. The article addresses this gap by comparing how leading newspapers in the United Kingdom, France, and Spain represented one of the most dangerous episodes of the Cold War to their national audiences.</p><p>The study is based on a content analysis of 493 publications from six major newspapers: The Guardian and The Telegraph in the United Kingdom, Le Monde and Le Figaro in France, and ABC and La Vanguardia Española in Spain. The chronological scope covers the period from 16 October to 31 December 1962, making it possible to analyze both the peak of the crisis and its post-crisis interpretation. The research examines authorship, genre structure, visual presentation, source base, representation of the positions of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba, and the rhetorical devices used to shape readers’ perceptions.</p><p>The findings show that Western European newspapers largely reproduced the American narrative of the crisis, reflecting the logic of bloc solidarity in the bipolar international system. At the same time, the study reveals significant national differences in editorial strategies. British newspapers adopted a rational-critical approach: while generally supporting Washington, they also provided space for public debate and criticism of the Kennedy administration. French newspapers approached the crisis through an institutional and analytical lens, emphasizing the role of international organizations, especially the United Nations, and the implications of the crisis for European security. Spanish newspapers, operating under Francoist censorship and shaped by the regime’s anti-communist orientation, offered the most expressive and ideologically charged coverage, portraying Cuba and Fidel Castro in sharply negative terms. The article argues that Western European press coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis was structured by a “solidarity–sovereignty” dichotomy. European newspapers demonstrated solidarity with the United States as the leading power of the Western bloc, yet their coverage also reflected national political cultures, historical experiences, and foreign policy priorities. This comparative perspective contributes to the study of Cold War media by showing how allied European societies interpreted global nuclear confrontation through their own national frameworks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Карибский ракетный кризис</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Куба</kwd><kwd>европейская пресса</kwd><kwd>ядерное оружие</kwd><kwd>Холодная война</kwd><kwd>противостояние сверхдержав</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cuban Missile Crisis</kwd><kwd>USSR</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>Cuba</kwd><kwd>European Press</kwd><kwd>Nuclear Weapon</kwd><kwd>Cold War</kwd><kwd>Confrontation of Superpowers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alferez A. 1986. Cuarto poder en España. La prensa desde la Ley Fraga 1966. Barcelona: Plaza &amp; Janes. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alferez A. 1986. Cuarto poder en España. La prensa desde la Ley Fraga 1966. Barcelona: Plaza &amp; Janes. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bacot J.P. 2008. La naissance du photo-journalisme. Le passage d'un modèle européen de magazine illustré à un modèle américain. Réseaux. 5(151). P. 9–36. DOI: 10.3917/res.151.0009 (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bacot J.P. 2008. La naissance du photo-journalisme. Le passage d'un modèle européen de magazine illustré à un modèle américain. Réseaux. 5(151). P. 9–36. DOI: 10.3917/res.151.0009 (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baylis J., Eames A. 2023. Nuclear Trust Challenged, 1958–1963. Sharing Nuclear Secrets. P. 114–139. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198875116.003.0006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baylis J., Eames A. 2023. Nuclear Trust Challenged, 1958–1963. Sharing Nuclear Secrets. P. 114–139. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198875116.003.0006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berelson B. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe: Free Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berelson B. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe: Free Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyle P.G. 1996. The British Government’s View of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Contemporary British History. 10(3). P. 22–38. DOI: 10.1080/13619469608581403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyle P.G. 1996. The British Government’s View of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Contemporary British History. 10(3). P. 22–38. DOI: 10.1080/13619469608581403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catterall P. 2012. At the End of the Day: Macmillan’s Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Relations. 26(3). P. 267–289. DOI: 10.1177/0047117812451838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catterall P. 2012. At the End of the Day: Macmillan’s Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Relations. 26(3). P. 267–289. DOI: 10.1177/0047117812451838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chenille V. 2011. Le national et l'international dans les séries télévisées d'espionnage américaines et britanniques des années soixante. Le Temps des médias. 1(16). P. 74–85. DOI: 10.3917/ tdm.016.0074. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chenille V. 2011. Le national et l'international dans les séries télévisées d'espionnage américaines et britanniques des années soixante. Le Temps des médias. 1(16). P. 74–85. DOI: 10.3917/ tdm.016.0074. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chomentowski G. 2016. L’expérience soviétique des cinémas africains au lendemain des indépendances. Le Temps des médias. 1(26). P. 111–125. DOI: 10.3917/tdm.026.0111. (In French). del Rey Vicente. 2020. La crisis de los misiles al borde del precipicio. Clío: Revista de historia. №227. P. 36–43. URL: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7642263. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chomentowski G. 2016. L’expérience soviétique des cinémas africains au lendemain des indépendances. Le Temps des médias. 1(26). P. 111–125. DOI: 10.3917/tdm.026.0111. (In French). del Rey Vicente. 2020. La crisis de los misiles al borde del precipicio. Clío: Revista de historia. №227. P. 36–43. URL: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7642263. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feigelson K. 2019. Filmer le Goulag. Entre histoire et mémoire. Le Temps des medias. 2(33). P. 145–164. DOI: 10.3917/tdm.033.0145. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feigelson K. 2019. Filmer le Goulag. Entre histoire et mémoire. Le Temps des medias. 2(33). P. 145–164. DOI: 10.3917/tdm.033.0145. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleites Marcos Á. 2019. La Crisis de los Misiles vista por la prensa española, octubre-noviembre de 1962. Historia y Sociedad. №36. P. 109–131. DOI: 10.15446/hys.n36.69999. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleites Marcos Á. 2019. La Crisis de los Misiles vista por la prensa española, octubre-noviembre de 1962. Historia y Sociedad. №36. P. 109–131. DOI: 10.15446/hys.n36.69999. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham J.T. 1998. Kennedy, Cuba, and the Press. Journalism History. 24(2). P. 60–71. DOI: 10.1080/00947679.1998.12062492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham J.T. 1998. Kennedy, Cuba, and the Press. Journalism History. 24(2). P. 60–71. DOI: 10.1080/00947679.1998.12062492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gunther R., Montero J. R., Wert J. I. 2000. The Media and Politics in Spain: from Dictatorship to Democracy. R. Gunther and A. Mughan (eds.) Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press P. 28–84. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139175289.002 Lasswell H.D. 1927. Propaganda Technique in the World War. USA: A.A. Knopf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gunther R., Montero J. R., Wert J. I. 2000. The Media and Politics in Spain: from Dictatorship to Democracy. R. Gunther and A. Mughan (eds.) Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press P. 28–84. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139175289.002 Lasswell H.D. 1927. Propaganda Technique in the World War. USA: A.A. Knopf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marín Escobar A.F. 2016. Crisis de los misiles de 1962: génesis de los cambios en las determinaciones en el Sistema Internacional. Perspectivas En Inteligencia. 8(17). P. 21–32. URL: https:// dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9694133 (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marín Escobar A.F. 2016. Crisis de los misiles de 1962: génesis de los cambios en las determinaciones en el Sistema Internacional. Perspectivas En Inteligencia. 8(17). P. 21–32. URL: https:// dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9694133 (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller R.A., Bokemper S.E. 2016. Media Coverage and the Escalation of Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1992–2001. Media, War &amp; Conflict. 9(2). P. 162–179. DOI: 10.1177/1750635216648116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller R.A., Bokemper S.E. 2016. Media Coverage and the Escalation of Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1992–2001. Media, War &amp; Conflict. 9(2). P. 162–179. DOI: 10.1177/1750635216648116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oustinoff M. 2019. De Star Trek au lancement du «traducteur universel» de Microsoft. Hermès, La Revue. 3(85). P. 49–54. DOI: 10.58079/pifa (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oustinoff M. 2019. De Star Trek au lancement du «traducteur universel» de Microsoft. Hermès, La Revue. 3(85). P. 49–54. DOI: 10.58079/pifa (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pamies Palazuelo J.C. 2014. La crisis de los misiles en Cuba a través de la óptica soviética: una doble aproximación desde la historia y la teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales. Historia de las Relaciones Internacionales. P. 1–9. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4875.2326. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pamies Palazuelo J.C. 2014. La crisis de los misiles en Cuba a través de la óptica soviética: una doble aproximación desde la historia y la teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales. Historia de las Relaciones Internacionales. P. 1–9. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4875.2326. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pizarroso Quintero A. 1989. Política informativa: información y propaganda (1939–1966). Historia de los medios de comunicación en España. Periodismo, publicidad e imagen (1900–1990). P. 238–244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pizarroso Quintero A. 1989. Política informativa: información y propaganda (1939–1966). Historia de los medios de comunicación en España. Periodismo, publicidad e imagen (1900–1990). P. 238–244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos R. 2016. La CIA et les dividendes de la paix: l’ouverture du renseignement américain au lendemain de la guerre froide. Hermès, La Revue. 3(76). P. 31–36. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos R. 2016. La CIA et les dividendes de la paix: l’ouverture du renseignement américain au lendemain de la guerre froide. Hermès, La Revue. 3(76). P. 31–36. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seaton J., Hughes R. 2014. The BBC and the Cuban Missile Crisis: Private Worlds and Public Service. Gioe, D., Scott, L., Andrew, C. (eds.). An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A 50-Year Retrospective. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. P. 43–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seaton J., Hughes R. 2014. The BBC and the Cuban Missile Crisis: Private Worlds and Public Service. Gioe, D., Scott, L., Andrew, C. (eds.). An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A 50-Year Retrospective. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. P. 43–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tenorio Maciá J.C. 2020. La integración europea en la prensa española (1945–1977). Revista Universitaria Europea. №33. Julio-Diciembre. P. 95–122. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tenorio Maciá J.C. 2020. La integración europea en la prensa española (1945–1977). Revista Universitaria Europea. №33. Julio-Diciembre. P. 95–122. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uceda García J. F. 2021. Perspectivas españolas sobre la Crisis de los Misiles. Alcalibe: Revista Centro Asociado a la UNED Ciudad de la Cerámica. №21. P. 213–222. URL: https://dialnet.unirioja. es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8400391. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uceda García J. F. 2021. Perspectivas españolas sobre la Crisis de los Misiles. Alcalibe: Revista Centro Asociado a la UNED Ciudad de la Cerámica. №21. P. 213–222. URL: https://dialnet.unirioja. es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8400391. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villaescusa Padrón A.I. 2015. La prensa cubana en el primer decenio de la Revolución. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. Vol. 2. P. 101–109. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villaescusa Padrón A.I. 2015. La prensa cubana en el primer decenio de la Revolución. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. Vol. 2. P. 101–109. (In Spanish).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J. 2023. Britain's Reaction and Attitude towards the Cuba Missile Crisis. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media. 6(1). P. 1060–1066. DOI: 10.54254/2753-7048/6/20221001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J. 2023. Britain's Reaction and Attitude towards the Cuba Missile Crisis. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media. 6(1). P. 1060–1066. DOI: 10.54254/2753-7048/6/20221001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winter D.G. 2003. Asymmetrical Perceptions of Power in Crises: A Comparison of 1914 and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Journal of Peace Research. 40(3). P. 251–270. DOI: 10.1177/0022343303 040003001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winter D.G. 2003. Asymmetrical Perceptions of Power in Crises: A Comparison of 1914 and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Journal of Peace Research. 40(3). P. 251–270. DOI: 10.1177/0022343303 040003001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анпилова Е.С. 2018. Тема Карибского кризиса на страницах «Правды» 1962 года. Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики. 3–2(81). С. 219–222. DOI: 10.30853/ filnauki.2018-3-2.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anpilova E.S. 2018. Tema Karibskogo krizisa na stranitsakh “Pravdy” 1962 goda [The Theme of the Caribbean Crisis on the Pages of “Pravda” in 1962]. Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 3–2(81). P. 219–222. DOI: 10.30853/filnauki.2018-3-2.1 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беглов С.И. 2002. Четвёртая власть: британская модель. Москва: Изд-во МГУ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beglov S.I. 2002. Chetvertaya vlast': britanskaya model' [The Fourth Estate: The British Model]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo MGU. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов С.И. 2023. Отражение Карибского кризиса в видеоиграх: на примере Call of Duty: Black Ops. Вестник РГГУ. Серия: Политология. История. Международные отношения. №2. С. 105–116. DOI: 10.28995/2073-6339-2023-2-105-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov S.I. 2023. Otrazheniye Karibskogo krizisa v videoigrakh: na primere Call of Duty: Black Ops [Reflection of the Caribbean Crisis in Video Games: on the Example of Call of Duty: Black Ops]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya. №2. P. 105–116. DOI: 10.28995/2073-6339-2023-2-105-116. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондарь Ю.К. 2021. Карибский кризис на страницах центральных изданий СССР и США: на примере газет The New York Times и «Правда». Меридиан. 5(58). URL: https:// meridian-journal.ru/site/article10ec/?ysclid=meiegx84rn310077712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondar’ Yu.K. К. 2021. Karibskij krizis na stranicah central'nyh izdanij SSSR i SShA: na primere gazet The New York Times i «Pravda» [Caribbean Crisis Reflected on the Soviet and American Central Newspapers’ Pages: Example of The New York Times and «Pravda»]. Meridian. 5(58). URL: https://meridian-journal.ru/site/article10ec/?ysclid=meiegx84rn310077712 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вачнадзе Г.Н. 1969. Печать Пятой Республики. 1958–1968. Москва: Изд-во МГУ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen P. 2020. Hearts and minds: The propaganda war over the British nuclear deterrent, 1957–1963 [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hertfordshire].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горовцов Д.Е. 1996. Эволюция советско-американских отношений и Карибский кризис 1962 года. Под ред. Г.Г. Касарова. Москва: Моск. гос. автомобильно-дорож. ин-т (Техн. ун-т).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotova L.N. 2001. Analiz soderzhaniya – sotsiologicheskiy metod izucheniya sredstv massovoy kommunikatsii [Content Analysis: A Sociological Method for Studying Mass Communication]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кодзоев М.А. 2023. «Флешбэки» карибского кризиса 1962 г. в американо-кубинских отношениях 60 лет спустя. Вестник РГГУ. Серия: Политология. История. Международные отношения. №2. С. 60–69. DOI: 10.28995/2073-6339-2023-2-60-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatkina G.S., Maslina M.G., Putseva M.D., Kireeva P.A. 2023. Informatsionnoe protivostoyanie SSSR i SShA v gody kholodnoy voyny: obzor aktualnykh zarubezhnykh issledovaniy [Information Confrontation between the USSR and the USA during the Cold War: Review of Current Foreign Studies]. Voprosy teorii i praktiki zhurnalistiki. 12(4). P. 636–653. DOI:10.17150/23086203.2023.12(4).636-653 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корсакова Н.Л. 2006. Французская дипломатия и Кубинский кризис. Москва: Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatov G.A. 2017. Ekonomicheskiye svyazi mezhdu SSSR i frankistskoy Ispaniyey v 1960-h gg. [Economic Relations between the USSR and Francoist Spain in the 1960s]. Iberoamerikanskiye tetradi. №4. P. 20–26. DOI: 10.46272/2409-3416-2017-4-20-26 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кускова С.А. 2016. Освещение Карибского кризиса американскими и советскими газетами (на примере «Нью-Йорк Таймс» и «Правда»). Медиаальманах. 6(77). С. 40–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomicheva I.D. 2007. Sotsiologiya SMI [Sociology of Mass Media]. Moscow: Aspekt Press. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ладыгин Ф.И., Лота В.И. 2012. Карибский кризис: секретная хроника опасной конфронтации. Москва: Кучково поле.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fursenko A.A., Naftali T. 2001. Adskaya igra. Sekretnaya istoriya Karibskogo krizisa 1958– 1964 [One Hell of a Gamble: The Secret History of the Cuban Missile Crisis 1958–1964]. Moscow: Geya Iterum (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Микоян С.А. 2006. Анатомия Карибского кризиса. Москва: Academia.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorovtsov D.E. 1996. Evolyutsiya sovetsko-amerikanskikh otnosheniy i Karibskiy krizis 1962 goda [The Evolution of Soviet-American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962]. Ed. by G. G. Kasarov. Moscow: Mosk. gos. avtomobilno-dorozh. in-t (Tekhn. un-t) (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюкаева Т.И. 2017. Мирополитическое влияние глобальных СМИ в современном мире: конструктивистский подход. Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 4(55). С. 242–271. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2017-4-55-242-271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodzoev M.A. 2023. «Fleshbeki» karibskogo krizisa 1962 g. v amerikano-kubinskikh otnosheniyakh 60 let spustya ["Flashbacks" of the 1962 Caribbean Crisis in American-Cuban Relations 60 Years Later]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya: Politologiya. Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya. №2. P. 60–69. DOI: 10.28995/2073-6339-2023-2-60-69 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федотова Л.Н. 2001. Анализ содержания – социологический метод изучения средств массовой коммуникации. Москва: Институт социологии РАН.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korsakova N.L. 2006. Frantsuzskaya diplomatia i Kubinsky krizis [French Diplomacy and the Cuban Crisis]. Moscow: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN) (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филаткина Г.С., Маслина М.Г., Пуцева М.Д., Киреева П.А. 2023. Информационное противостояние СССР и США в годы Холодной войны: обзор актуальных зарубежных исследований. Вопросы теории и практики журналистики. 12(4). С. 636–653. DOI: 10.17150/23086203.2023.12(4).636-653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuskova S.A. 2016. Osveshcheniye Karibskogo krizisa amerikanskimi i sovetskimi gazetami (na primere “Nyu-York Tayms” i “Pravda”) [Coverage of the Caribbean Crisis by American and Soviet Newspapers (on the Example of “New York Times” and “Pravda”)]. Mediaalmanah. 6(77). P. 40–47 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатов Г.А. 2017. Экономические связи между СССР и франкистской Испанией в 1960-х гг. Ибероамериканские тетради. №4. С. 20–26. DOI: 10.46272/2409-3416-20174-20-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladygin F.I., Lota V.I. 2012. Karibskiy krizis: sekretnaya khronika opasnoy konfrontatsii [The Caribbean Crisis: A Secret Chronicle of a Dangerous Confrontation]. Moscow: Kuchkovo pole (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурсенко А.А., Нафтали Т. 2001. Адская игра. Секретная история Карибского кризиса 1958–1964. Москва: Гея Итэрум.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikoyan S.A. 2006. Anatomiya Karibskogo krizisa [The Anatomy of the Caribbean Crisis]. Moscow: Academia (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарончикова Л.В. 2014. «Монд» в меняющемся мире. Москва: МедиаМир.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharonchikova L.V. 2014. «Le Monde» v menyayushchemsya mire [«Le Monde» in a Changing World]. Moscow: MediaMir (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Язов Д.Т. 2015. Карибский кризис: 50 лет спустя. Москва: Центрполиграфмаш.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyukaeva T.I. 2017. Miropoliticheskoye vliyaniye globalnykh SMI v sovremennom mire: konstruktivistskiy podkhod [Worldpolitical Impact of Global Media in the Modern World: Constructivist Approach]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 4(55). P. 242–271. DOI: 10.24833/20718160-2017-4-55-242-271 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vachnadze G.N. 1969. Pechat' Pyatoy Respubliki. 1958–1968 [The Press of the Fifth Republic. 1958–1968]. Moscow: Izd-vo MGU (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vachnadze G.N. 1969. Pechat' Pyatoy Respubliki. 1958–1968 [The Press of the Fifth Republic. 1958–1968]. Moscow: Izd-vo MGU (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazov D.T. 2015. Karibskij krizis: 50 let spustya [The Cuban Missile Crisis: 50 Years Later]. Moscow: Centrpoligrafmash</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazov D.T. 2015. Karibskij krizis: 50 let spustya [The Cuban Missile Crisis: 50 Years Later]. Moscow: Centrpoligrafmash</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
