<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2026-4-109-102-138</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-4414</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Международная безопасность</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. International Security</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Партийная идеология и парламентская поддержка военных операций за рубежом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Party Ideology and Parliamentary Support for Military Operations Abroad</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солодов</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solodov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Александрович Солодов – магистр</p><p>101000, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii A. Solodov – MA</p><p>20 Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">easolodov@edu.hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мальцев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malcev</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Артём Михайлович Мальцев – младший научный сотрудник сектора военной экономики и инноваций Центра международной безопасности</p><p>117997, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Профсоюзная, 23;</p><p>преподаватель Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики»</p><p>101000, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20;</p><p>Участник реализуемого на базе МГИМО МИД России проекта РНФ № 22-18-00664-П. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem M. Malcev – Junior Research Fellow, Section of Military Economics and Innovation, Center for International Security, Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations</p><p>23 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow, 117997, Russia;</p><p>Lecturer, HSE University</p><p>20 Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russia;</p><p>Project participant RSF No 22–18–00664-P at MGIMO University</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amalcev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ИМЭМО им. Е. М. Примакова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>IMEMO RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Солодов Е.А., Мальцев А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Солодов Е.А., Мальцев А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Solodov E.A., Malcev A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4414">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/4414</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена тому, как партийная идеология влияет на парламентские решения об использовании вооружённых сил за рубежом. Авторы рассматривают парламент не как единое целое, а как пространство взаимодействия правящих и оппозиционных партий. Исследование отвечает на два вопроса: связана ли позиция партии на шкале «левые – правые» с её готовностью поддержать военную операцию и меняется ли эта связь в зависимости от того, находится партия у власти или в оппозиции, а также от характера операции.</p><p>Анализ охватывает 1022 парламентских голосования в 21 демократическом государстве в 1990–2019 гг. Выборка включает 305 партий и 5540 наблюдений на уровне «партия – голосование». Уровень поддержки определяется как доля депутатов партии, проголосовавших за рассматриваемое предложение; модели различают голосования о развёртывании и выводе войск. Идеология партий определяется по данным Manifesto Project и Chapel Hill Expert Survey. Применяются дробная логистическая регрессия и бета-регрессия с отдельным учётом частичной, нулевой и полной поддержки.</p><p>Результаты показывают, что правые партии чаще поддерживают военные развёртывания, чем левые. Часть моделей указывает на нелинейную зависимость: как крайне левые, так и крайне правые партии проявляют большую сдержанность, чем центристские и умеренно правые силы. Главный вывод касается институционального статуса партии. В оппозиции связь между идеологией и голосованием выражена сильнее. У партий, входящих в правительство, влияние идеологии ослабевает и в некоторых моделях становится статистически незначимым. Этот результат согласуется с предположением о том, что влияние идеологии ослабевает под воздействием правительственной ответственности, коалиционной дисциплины и электоральных рисков, однако непосредственное действие этих механизмов в настоящем исследовании не проверяется.</p><p>Результаты для типов операций менее устойчивы. Операции с интенсивными боевыми действиями не усиливают идеологический раскол. Обеспечивающее участие – обучение, военно-техническая и логистическая поддержка – в некоторых моделях чаще одобряется правыми партиями. Гуманитарные операции получают широкую поддержку и сокращают различия между левыми и правыми, однако эти эффекты зависят от выборки и способа измерения идеологии. Исследование раскрывает партийные механизмы парламентского мира и показывает, что нахождение партии у власти или в оппозиции объясняет различия в поддержке применения силы надёжнее, чем тип операции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines how party ideology shapes parliamentary decisions on the use of armed forces abroad. Rather than treating parliament as a single actor, it compares governing and opposition parties. It asks whether a party’s position on the left–right spectrum is associated with its willingness to support a military operation, and whether this relationship changes when the party enters government or when the nature of the operation changes.The analysis covers 1,022 parliamentary votes in 21 democracies between 1990 and 2019. The sample includes 305 parties and 5,540 party-vote observations. Support is measured as the share of a party’s legislators voting for the proposal; the models distinguish votes on troop deployment from votes on withdrawal. Party ideology is measured using the Manifesto Project and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey. The analysis uses fractional logistic regression and zero-oneinflated beta regression; the latter distinguishes partial support from complete rejection and unanimous approval.The results show that right-wing parties are more likely than left-wing parties to support military deployments. Some models indicate a nonlinear pattern: both far-left and far-right parties are more restrained than centrist and moderate right-wing parties. The strongest finding concerns institutional status. The relationship between ideology and voting is stronger among opposition parties. Among governing parties, the effect of ideology becomes weaker and, in some models, statistically insignificant. This pattern is consistent with the influence of governmental responsibility, coalition discipline, and electoral risk, although these motivations are not tested.Results for operation type are less consistent. Operations involving intense combat do not widen the ideological divide. Support roles – training, defense cooperation, and logistical assistance – receive stronger backing from right-wing parties in some models. Humanitarian operations attract broader support and narrow the gap between left- and right-wing parties, but these effects depend on the sample and the measure of ideology. Overall, whether a party governs or remains in opposition explains differences in support for the use of force more consistently across models than the type of operation. By identifying these party-level mechanisms, the study clarifies the domestic political foundations of parliamentary peace and demonstrates why legislatures should not be treated as homogeneous actors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория демократического мира</kwd><kwd>теория парламентского мира</kwd><kwd>военные интервенции</kwd><kwd>партийная политика</kwd><kwd>политическая идеология</kwd><kwd>количественные методы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>democratic peace theory</kwd><kwd>parliamentary peace theory</kwd><kwd>military interventions</kwd><kwd>party politics</kwd><kwd>political ideology</kwd><kwd>quantitative methods</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта «Вооружённое вмешательство как основной способ применения государствами силы в современных международных отношениях» (грант Российского научного фонда №22-18-00664-П).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was prepared within the framework of the project “Armed Intervention as the Principal Form of the Use of Force by States in Contemporary International Relations” (Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 22-18-00664-P).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auerswald D. P., Saideman S. 2014. NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 280 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400848676</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auerswald D. P., Saideman S. 2014. NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 280 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400848676</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertoli A., Dafoe A., Trager R. F. 2019. Is there a war party? Party change, the left-right divide, and international conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4 (62). P. 950–975. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002718772352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertoli A., Dafoe A., Trager R. F. 2019. Is there a war party? Party change, the left-right divide, and international conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4 (62). P. 950–975. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002718772352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bürkner P.-C. 2017. Brms: An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software. 1 (80). P. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bürkner P.-C. 2017. Brms: An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software. 1 (80). P. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark D. H., Nordstrom T. 2005. Democratic Variants and Democratic Variance: How Domestic Constraints Shape Interstate Conflict. The Journal of Politics. 1 (67). P. 250–270. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00316.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark D. H., Nordstrom T. 2005. Democratic Variants and Democratic Variance: How Domestic Constraints Shape Interstate Conflict. The Journal of Politics. 1 (67). P. 250–270. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00316.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dassonneville R., Hooghe L., Marks G. 2024. Transformation of the political space: A citizens’ perspective. European Journal of Political Research. 1 (63). P. 45–65. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/1475-6765.12590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dassonneville R., Hooghe L., Marks G. 2024. Transformation of the political space: A citizens’ perspective. European Journal of Political Research. 1 (63). P. 45–65. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/1475-6765.12590</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dieterich S., Hummel H., Marschall S. 2015. Bringing democracy back in: The democratic peace, parliamentary war powers and European participation in the Iraq war. Cooperation and Conflict. 1 (50). P. 87–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714545687</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dieterich S., Hummel H., Marschall S. 2015. Bringing democracy back in: The democratic peace, parliamentary war powers and European participation in the Iraq war. Cooperation and Conflict. 1 (50). P. 87–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714545687</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bueno de Mesquita B., Morrow J. D., Siverson R. M., Smith A. 1999. An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace. American Political Science Review. 4 (93). P. 791–807. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2307/2586113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bueno de Mesquita B., Morrow J. D., Siverson R. M., Smith A. 1999. An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace. American Political Science Review. 4 (93). P. 791–807. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2307/2586113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elman M. F. 2000. Unpacking Democracy: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Theories of Democratic Peace. Security Studies. 4 (9). P. 91–126. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/09636410008429414</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elman M. F. 2000. Unpacking Democracy: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Theories of Democratic Peace. Security Studies. 4 (9). P. 91–126. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/09636410008429414</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fonck D., Haesebrouck T., Reykers Y. 2019. Parliamentary involvement, party ideology and majority-opposition bargaining: Belgian participation in multinational military operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 1 (40). P. 85–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1500819</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fonck D., Haesebrouck T., Reykers Y. 2019. Parliamentary involvement, party ideology and majority-opposition bargaining: Belgian participation in multinational military operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 1 (40). P. 85–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1500819</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost-Nielsen P. M. 2017. Conditional commitments. Why states use caveats to reserve their efforts in military coalition operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 3 (38). P. 371–397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1300364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost-Nielsen P. M. 2017. Conditional commitments. Why states use caveats to reserve their efforts in military coalition operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 3 (38). P. 371–397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1300364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haesebrouck T. 2018. Democratic Participation in the Air Strikes against Islamic State: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Foreign Policy Analysis. 2 (14). P. 254–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haesebrouck T. 2018. Democratic Participation in the Air Strikes against Islamic State: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Foreign Policy Analysis. 2 (14). P. 254–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haesebrouck T. 2017. NATO Burden Sharing in Libya: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 10 (61). P. 2235–2261. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002715626248</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haesebrouck T. 2017. NATO Burden Sharing in Libya: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 10 (61). P. 2235–2261. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002715626248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haesebrouck T., Mello P. A. 2020. Patterns of Political Ideology and Security Policy. Foreign Policy Analysis. 4 (16). P. 565–588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haesebrouck T., Mello P. A. 2020. Patterns of Political Ideology and Security Policy. Foreign Policy Analysis. 4 (16). P. 565–588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kant I. 2006. ‘Perpetual Peace’. In Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace and History / I. Kant, eds. by Pauline Kleingeld, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 67–109 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300128109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kant I. 2006. ‘Perpetual Peace’. In Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace and History / I. Kant, eds. by Pauline Kleingeld, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 67–109 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300128109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King G., Tomz M., Wittenberg J. 2000. Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation. American Journal of Political Science. 2 (44). P. 341–355. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2307/2669316</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King G., Tomz M., Wittenberg J. 2000. Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation. American Journal of Political Science. 2 (44). P. 341–355. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2307/2669316</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kier E. 1997. Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine between the Wars / E. Kier, Princeton: Princeton University Press. 250 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kier E. 1997. Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine between the Wars / E. Kier, Princeton: Princeton University Press. 250 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Layne C. 1994. Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace. International Security. 2 (19). P. 5–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Layne C. 1994. Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace. International Security. 2 (19). P. 5–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koedam J., Binding G., Steenbergen M. R. 2023. Multidimensional Party Polarization in Europe: Cross-Cutting Divides and Effective Dimensionality. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf. io/3xsw9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koedam J., Binding G., Steenbergen M. R. 2023. Multidimensional Party Polarization in Europe: Cross-Cutting Divides and Effective Dimensionality. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf. io/3xsw9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leblang D., Chan S. 2003. Explaining Wars Fought by Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter? Political Research Quarterly. 4 (56). P. 385–400. DOI: https://doi. org/10.2307/3219800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leblang D., Chan S. 2003. Explaining Wars Fought by Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter? Political Research Quarterly. 4 (56). P. 385–400. DOI: https://doi. org/10.2307/3219800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehmann P., Franzmann S., Al-Gaddooa D., Burst T., Ivanusch C., Regel S., Riethmüller F., Volkens A., Weßels B., Zehnter L. 2024. The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB); Göttingen: Institut für Demokratieforschung (IfDem). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2024a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehmann P., Franzmann S., Al-Gaddooa D., Burst T., Ivanusch C., Regel S., Riethmüller F., Volkens A., Weßels B., Zehnter L. 2024. The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB); Göttingen: Institut für Demokratieforschung (IfDem). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2024a</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis V. 2017. The President and the Parties’ Ideologies: Party Ideas About Foreign Policy Since 1990. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 1 (47). P. 27–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis V. 2017. The President and the Parties’ Ideologies: Party Ideas About Foreign Policy Since 1990. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 1 (47). P. 27–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansfield E., Pollins B. 2001. The Study of Interdependence and Conflict: Recent Advances, Open Questions, and Directions for Future Research. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 6 (45). P. 834–859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002701045006007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansfield E., Pollins B. 2001. The Study of Interdependence and Conflict: Recent Advances, Open Questions, and Directions for Future Research. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 6 (45). P. 834–859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002701045006007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maoz Z., Russett B. 1993. Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946–1986. American Political Science Review. 3 (87). P. 624–638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2938740</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maoz Z., Russett B. 1993. Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946–1986. American Political Science Review. 3 (87). P. 624–638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2938740</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massie J. 2016. Why Democratic Allies Defect Prematurely: Canadian and Dutch Unilateral Pullouts from the War in Afghanistan. Democracy and Security. 2 (12). P. 85–113. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/17419166.2016.1160222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massie J. 2016. Why Democratic Allies Defect Prematurely: Canadian and Dutch Unilateral Pullouts from the War in Afghanistan. Democracy and Security. 2 (12). P. 85–113. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1080/17419166.2016.1160222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mello P. A. 2012. Parliamentary Peace or Partisan Politics? Democracies’ Participation in the Iraq War. Journal of International Relations and Development. 15. P. 420–453. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1057/jird.2012.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mello P. A. 2012. Parliamentary Peace or Partisan Politics? Democracies’ Participation in the Iraq War. Journal of International Relations and Development. 15. P. 420–453. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1057/jird.2012.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mello P. A., Saideman S. M. 2019. The Politics of Multinational Military Operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 1 (40). P. 30–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1522737</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mello P. A., Saideman S. M. 2019. The Politics of Multinational Military Operations. Contemporary Security Policy. 1 (40). P. 30–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1522737</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mello P. A. 2014. Democratic Participation in Armed Conflict: Military Involvement in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 259 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1057/9781137386519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mello P. A. 2014. Democratic Participation in Armed Conflict: Military Involvement in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 259 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1057/9781137386519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller W. C., Strøm K. (eds.). 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625695</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller W. C., Strøm K. (eds.). 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625695</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noël A., Thérien J. P. 2008. Left and right in global politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 251 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511790751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noël A., Thérien J. P. 2008. Left and right in global politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 251 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511790751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oneal J., Russett B. 1997. The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985. International Studies Quarterly. 2 (41). P. 267–294. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/1468-2478.00042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oneal J., Russett B. 1997. The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985. International Studies Quarterly. 2 (41). P. 267–294. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/1468-2478.00042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oneal J., Russett B. 2001. Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations / Oneal J., Russett B., New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. 393 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.2307/20050168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oneal J., Russett B. 2001. Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations / Oneal J., Russett B., New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. 393 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.2307/20050168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ospina R., Ferrari S. L. 2012. A general class of zero-or-one inflated beta regression models. Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis. 6 (56). P. 1609–1623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2011.10.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ospina R., Ferrari S. L. 2012. A general class of zero-or-one inflated beta regression models. Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis. 6 (56). P. 1609–1623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2011.10.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostermann F., Wagner W. 2023. Introducing the Parliamentary Deployment Votes Database. Journal of Peace Research. 2 (61). P. 304–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221116655</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostermann F., Wagner W. 2023. Introducing the Parliamentary Deployment Votes Database. Journal of Peace Research. 2 (61). P. 304–316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221116655</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owen J. M. 1997. Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owen J. M. 1997. Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papke L. E., Wooldridge J. M. 1996. Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(k) plan participation rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 11. P. 619– 632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1255(199611)11:6&lt;619::aid-jae418&gt;3.0.co;2-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papke L. E., Wooldridge J. M. 1996. Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(k) plan participation rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 11. P. 619– 632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1255(199611)11:6&lt;619::aid-jae418&gt;3.0.co;2-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathbun B. C. 2004. Partisan Interventions: European Party Politics and Peace Enforcement in the Balkans / B. C. Rathbun, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 242 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.7591/9781501729621</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathbun B. C. 2004. Partisan Interventions: European Party Politics and Peace Enforcement in the Balkans / B. C. Rathbun, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 242 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10.7591/9781501729621</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reiter D., Tillman E. R. 2002. Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict. The Journal of Politics. 3 (64). P. 810–826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/00223816.00147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reiter D., Tillman E. R. 2002. Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict. The Journal of Politics. 3 (64). P. 810–826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/00223816.00147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Risse-Kappen T. 1995. Democratic Peace–Warlike Democracies? A Social-Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Argument. European Journal of International Relations. 4 (1). P. 491–517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066195001004005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Risse-Kappen T. 1995. Democratic Peace–Warlike Democracies? A Social-Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Argument. European Journal of International Relations. 4 (1). P. 491–517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066195001004005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosato S. 2003. The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory. American Political Science</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosato S. 2003. The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory. American Political Science</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Review. 4 (97). P. 585–602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055403000893</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Review. 4 (97). P. 585–602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055403000893</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russett B. 1993a. Can a Democratic Peace Be Built? International Interactions. 3 (18). P. 277– 282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629308434808</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russett B. 1993a. Can a Democratic Peace Be Built? International Interactions. 3 (18). P. 277– 282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629308434808</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russett B. 1993b. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 173 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7rqf6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russett B. 1993b. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 173 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7rqf6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saideman S. M. 2016. The Ambivalent Coalition: Doing the Least One Can Do against the Islamic State. Contemporary Security Policy. 2 (37). P. 289–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2016.1183414</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saideman S. M. 2016. The Ambivalent Coalition: Doing the Least One Can Do against the Islamic State. Contemporary Security Policy. 2 (37). P. 289–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2016.1183414</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schultz K. A. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schultz K. A. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scartascini C., Cruz C., Keefer P. 2021. The Database of Political Institutions (DPI): 2020. IDB Open Data. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18235/0003049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scartascini C., Cruz C., Keefer P. 2021. The Database of Political Institutions (DPI): 2020. IDB Open Data. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18235/0003049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jolly S., Bakker R., Hooghe L., Marks G., Polk J., Rovny J., Steenbergen M., Vachudova M. A. 2022. Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2019. Electoral Studies. 75. 102420. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102420</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jolly S., Bakker R., Hooghe L., Marks G., Polk J., Rovny J., Steenbergen M., Vachudova M. A. 2022. Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2019. Electoral Studies. 75. 102420. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102420</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsebelis G. 2002. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 320 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsebelis G. 2002. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 320 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vachudova M. A., Hooghe L. 2009. Postcommunist Politics in a Magnetic Field: How Transition and EU Accession Structure Party Competition on European Integration. Comparative European Politics. 2 (7). P. 179–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2008.9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vachudova M. A., Hooghe L. 2009. Postcommunist Politics in a Magnetic Field: How Transition and EU Accession Structure Party Competition on European Integration. Comparative European Politics. 2 (7). P. 179–212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2008.9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagner W., Herranz-Surrallés A., Kaarbo J., Ostermann F. 2018. Party Politics at the Water’s Edge: Contestation of Military Operations in Europe. European Political Science Review. 4 (10). P. 537–563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773918000097</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagner W., Herranz-Surrallés A., Kaarbo J., Ostermann F. 2018. Party Politics at the Water’s Edge: Contestation of Military Operations in Europe. European Political Science Review. 4 (10). P. 537–563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773918000097</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagner W. 2018. Is There a Parliamentary Peace? Parliamentary Veto Power and Military Interventions from Kosovo to Daesh. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 1 (20). P. 121–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117745859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagner W. 2018. Is There a Parliamentary Peace? Parliamentary Veto Power and Military Interventions from Kosovo to Daesh. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 1 (20). P. 121–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117745859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagner W. 2020. The Democratic Politics of Military Interventions: Political Parties, Contestation, and Decisions to Use Force Abroad / W. Wagner, Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 208 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846796.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagner W. 2020. The Democratic Politics of Military Interventions: Political Parties, Contestation, and Decisions to Use Force Abroad / W. Wagner, Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 208 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846796.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhirnov A., Moral M., Sedashov E. 2023. Taking Distributions Seriously: On the Interpretation of the Estimates of Interactive Nonlinear Models. Political Analysis. 2 (31). P. 213–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2022.9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhirnov A., Moral M., Sedashov E. 2023. Taking Distributions Seriously: On the Interpretation of the Estimates of Interactive Nonlinear Models. Political Analysis. 2 (31). P. 213–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2022.9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова Е. А. 2026. Социально-политические размежевания во Франции: итоги электоральных кампаний 2022–2024 гг. Политическая наука. № 1. С. 259–280. DOI: https://doi. org/10.31249/poln/2026.01.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korgunyuk Yu. G. 2021. Politicheskiye izmereniya i predmetnyye razmezhevaniya: metodika opredeleniya vzaimosvyazi [Political Dimensions and Issue Divisions: A Method for Determining Interaction]. Politia. 3 (102). P. 147–171. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коргунюк Ю. Г. 2021. Политические измерения и предметные размежевания: методика определения взаимодействия. Полития. № 3 (102). С. 147–171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pomiguev I. A. 2014. Kontseptsiya veto-igrokov: novyy podkhod v izuchenii form pravleniya [The Veto-Players Concept: A New Approach to Studying Forms of Government]. Political Science (RU). 1. P. 199–210. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Помигуев И. А. 2014. Концепция вето-игроков: новый подход к изучению форм правления. Политическая наука. № 1. С. 199–210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharova E. A. 2026. Sotsial'no-politicheskiye razmezhevaniya vo Frantsii: itogi izbiratel'nykh kampaniy 2022–2024 gg. [Socio-Political Cleavages in France during the 2022– 2024 Electoral Campaigns]. Political Science (RU). 1. P. 259–280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31249/ poln/2026.01.12. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
