<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2017-3-54-201-211</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-707</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ КАК ПРЕДПОСЫЛКА ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ КОНФЛИКТОВ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ КОНФЛИКТОВ В ОШЕ В 1990 И 2010 ГОДАХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SOCIAL ECONOMIC CHANGE AS A PRECONDITION OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS: THE CASES OF OSH CONFLICTS IN 1990 AND 2010</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хюнчжун</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hyunjung</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ким Хюнчжун – магистр политических наук,</p><p>145 Anam-ro, Anamdong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kim Hyunjung – ma in political science, </p><p>145 Anam-ro, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hj568@korea.ac.kr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Корё университет<country>Южная Корея</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Korea University<country>Korea, Republic of</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3(54)</issue><fpage>201</fpage><lpage>211</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хюнчжун К., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хюнчжун К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hyunjung K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/707">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/707</self-uri><abstract><p>Автор статьи доказывает, что сама по себе этническая проблема не была причиной конфликтов в Оше в 1990 и 2010 гг., а была, скорее, побочным эффектом или триггером конфликта, неизбежно порождённым в процессе борьбы за контроль над ресурсами внутри государства. Конфликт в Оше в 1990 г. произошёл в результате ухудшения материального положения на фоне ослабления институционального контроля со стороны СССР. Кыргызстан, один из крупнейших получателей прямых и косвенных субсидий от СССР, неизбежно впал в экономическую депрессию, когда субсидирование было приостановлено или значительно уменьшено. Более того, внезапное разрушение производственных и торговых связей ещё больше усугубило экономическое положение Киргизии. Экономический упадок вызвал демографический дисбаланс, который способствовал нарастанию противостояния киргизов с этническими узбеками в Оше. Эта социальная напряжённость, совпавшая по времени с политической мобилизацией под лозунгами этнической принадлежности, усугубила конфликт и сделала его похожим на этнический для постороннего наблюдателя. По похожему сценарию события развивались в Оше и в 2010 г., когда экономика Кыргызстана пострадала не только от глобального экономического кризиса, но и от сложностей в отношениях с Россией. Политическая недальновидность режима Бакиева в разрешении проблемы с авиабазой в Манасе привела к осложнению взаимоотношений с Россией, что впоследствии привело к экономическому спаду в Кыргызстане. Экономические сложности вскоре дали о себе знать в виде политической нестабильности. Массовые демонстрации, вызванные к жизни политическими элитами, с политической мобилизацией под этническими лозунгами усилили противостояние.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article demonstrates that ethnicity itself didn’t play a significant role to cause conflicts in Osh in 1990 and 2010, but was rather a side effect or a catalyst produced inevitably by political struggle in the country. The Osh conflict in 1990 occurred at the weakening of the USSR's institutional control and decreasing material support from the center. Kyrgyzstan being the major recipient of both indirect and direct subsidies from the USSR suffered a severe economic depression because subsidies were cut or substantially reduced. Moreover, the sudden disintegration of production and trade relations further exacerbated the economic situation in Kyrgyzstan. The economic decline caused a demographic imbalance, which has contributed to increased confrontation between Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks in Osh. These social tensions coincided with political mobilization under the slogans of ethnicity and contributed to the intensification of the conflict making it look similar to an ethnic conflict for an outside observer. Similarly, the Osh conflict in 2010 happened in the declining economy which was not only the result of the global economic crisis and difficulties in relations with Russia. The political short-sightedness of the Bakiyev regime in resolving problems with the air base at Manas led to complication of relations with Russia, which subsequently led to economic decline in Kyrgyzstan. The economic difficulties soon translated into institutional instability. Massive public demonstrations “framed” as an ethnic conflict by political elites intensified the battle, adding to it an “ethnic” dimension.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Кыргызстан</kwd><kwd>Ош</kwd><kwd>конфликт</kwd><kwd>этнический конфликт</kwd><kwd>Центральная Азия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kyrgyzstan</kwd><kwd>Osh</kwd><kwd>conflict</kwd><kwd>ethnicity</kwd><kwd>Central Asia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боришполец К.П. Национальное измерение глобального мира. М.: Навона, 2009. 232 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borishpolets K.P. Natsional'noe izmerenie global'nogo mira [National dimension of global world]. Moscow: Navona, 2009. 232 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягельская И.Д. Специфика этнополитических конфликтов и подходы к их урегулированию. М.: Навона, 2008. 160 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zviagel'skaia I.D. Spetsifika etnopoliticheskikh konfliktov i podkhody k ikh uregulirovaniiu [Ethopolitical conlicts specifics and approaches to its solving]. Moscow: Navona, 2008. 160 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Князев А. Симбиоз эндогенных и экзогенных факторов и метаморфозы государственности Киргизии // Сб. Системный мониторинг глобальных и региональных рисков: Центральная Азия. М.:URSS, 2013. C. 282-305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kniazev A. Simbioz endogennykh i ekzogennykh faktorov i metamorfozy gosudarstvennosti Kirgizii [Metamorphosos of the Kyrgyz stateness, simbioz of internal and external factors] In: Sistemnyi monitoring global'nykh i regional'nykh riskov Tsentral'naia Aziia [System monitoring of global and regional risks: the Central Asia]. Moscow: URSS, 2013. Pp. 282-305. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лаумулин М. К событиям в Апреле 2010 года в Киргизстане: взгляд из Казахстана // Центральная Азия и Кавказ.2010. T.13. № 2. С. 25-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laumulin M. K sobytiiam v Aprele 2010 goda v Kirgizstane: vzgliad iz Kazakhstana [On events in Kyrgystan in 2010: point of view from Kazachstan]. Tsentral'naia Aziia i Kavkaz. 2010, vol.13, no. 2, pp. 25-44. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brady H.E., Kaplan C.S. Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Identity/ Measuring Identity: a guide for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pр. 33-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brady H.E., Kaplan C.S. Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Identity. Measuring Identity: a guide for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pр. 33-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan B. People, States and Fear. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983. 262 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan B. People, States and Fear. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983. 262 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins K. Clan politics and regime transition in Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 376 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins K. Clan politics and regime transition in Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 376 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dabrowski M., Antczak R. Economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan. Warsaw: Center for social &amp; economic research, 1994. URL: http://www. case-research.eu/sites/default/files/ publications/3414534_028e_0.pdf (дата обращения: 01.04.17)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabrowski M., Antczak R. Economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan. Warsaw: Center for social &amp; economic research, 1994. URL: http://www.case-research.eu/ sites/default/files/publications/3414534_028e_0. pdf (accessed: 01.04.17)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fumagalli M. Framing Ethnic Minority Mobilization in Central Asia: The Cases of Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan // Europe-Asia Studies. 2007. Vol.59. No.4. Pp. 567-590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fumagalli M. Framing Ethnic Minority Mobilisation in Central Asia: The Cases of Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Europe-Asia Studies. 2007, vol. 59, no.4, pp. 567-590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorenburg D. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 312 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorenburg D. Minority Ethnic Mobilisation in the Russian Federation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 312 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim T. The 1990 and 2010 Osh conflict: based on the mechanism of the outbreak of inter-ethnic violence // Sino-Soviet Affairs. 2015. Vol.39. №.3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim T. The 1990 and 2010 Osh conflict: based on the mechanism of the outbreak of inter-ethnic violence. Sino-Soviet Affairs, vol. 39, no.3, 2015. (In Korean).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nichol J. The April 2010 Coup in Kyrgyzstan and its Aftermath: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests. Congressional Research Service, 2010. URL: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/ R41178.pdf (дата обращения: 01.04.17).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nichol J. The April 2010 Coup in Kyrgyzstan and its Aftermath: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests. Congressional Research Service, 2010. URL: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41178. pdf (accessed: 01.04.17)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rywkin M. Moscow’s Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc, 1990. 186 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rywkin M. Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc, 1990. 186 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
