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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2018-6-63-110-140</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-820</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>БЛОКИРОВАНИЕ ПОМОЩИ КАК ЭЛЕМЕНТ ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЯ США: DE JURE И DE FACTO</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>AID PROHIBITION AS A TOOL OF THE U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: DE JURE AND DE FACTO</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бартенев</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bartenev</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Игоревич Бартенев – к.и.н., доцент кафедры международных организаций и мировых политических процессов, директор Центра проблем безопасности и развития факультета мировой политики</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Ленинские горы, д.1, стр.51</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Bartenev – Associate Professor, Director for Centre for Security and Development Studies at the School of World Politics </p><p>119991, Moscow, Leniskie Gory, 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.bartenev@fmp.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6(63)</issue><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бартенев В.И., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bartenev V.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/820">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/820</self-uri><abstract><p>Среди всех стран мира США являются безоговорочным лидером по масштабам применения экономических инструментов для обеспечения национальных интересов – как посредством поощрения зарубежных государств за соблюдение установленных Вашингтоном правил, так и для наказания тех, чьё поведение отклоняется от них. Одним из таких механизмов глобального контроля является внешняя помощь, проблеме блокирования которой посвящена данная статья. В первой её части произведены каталогизация и типологический анализ содержащихся в американском законодательстве универсальных (не привязанных к конкретным странам) ограничений на оказание иностранной помощи. Предложена авторская классификация запретов, которая подходит для описания как двусторонней, так и многосторонней помощи и делает акцент на том, чем обусловлено их введение – действиями страны-реципиента, наносящими ущерб экономическим интересам США, факторами, связанными с её внутриполитической жизнью, или же внешнеполитическими акциями. Предложено также дифференцировать ограничения внутри групп, исходя из того, обусловлены они действиями страны – получателя помощи непосредственно против США или её политикой в целом. Во второй части статьи дана оценка последовательности в применении важнейших ограничений на практике. Выявлено, что через механизмы блокирования помощи США создали параллельный (по отношению к международным нормам) правовой режим, с целью более эффективного управления поведением других государств. Большинство действующих ограничений были введены в период холодной войны и при этом вне связи с императивами биполярности, что иллюстрирует преемственность в глобальной политике США в XX-XXI вв. Их появление предопределила не только диверсификация внешних угроз интересам США, но и логика внутриполитических процессов – стремление членов Конгресса ограничить свободу действий исполнительной власти. Вместе с тем президенту предоставлено право обходить большинство ограничений при наличии определённых политико-стратегических оснований, что позволяет администрации применять их крайне избирательно. Это, впрочем, не устраняет потенциального риска прекращения помощи, который может удерживать реципиентов от тех или иных действий. Однако в последние годы эффективность применения США механизмов блокирования помощи как элемента принуждения неуклонно сокращается по мере усиления незападных доноров – в первую очередь, Китая, России, арабских стран, Турции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The United States is indisputable global leader in utilizing tools of economic statecraft to secure national interests both through rewarding foreign countries for policies conforming the Washington interests and through punishing them for a deviant behavior. Foreign assistance is one of such mechanisms of global influence. This paper examines the issue of aid prohibition. The first section contains a catalog and an original typology of effective universal (not country-specific) restrictions on foreign aid provision based on the type of the recipient government’s actions or inactions through its domestic policy or international behavior that trigger harming the U.S. economic interests. The paper demonstrates that such a typology is equally applicable to the U.S. bilateral and multilateral aid and invites to differentiate between the restrictions within one category depending on whether they are imposed in response to the recipient’s actions against the United States or to its international policy as a whole. The second section assess the extent to which the U.S. government is consistent in imposing the aid restrictions. The conclusion is drawn that the U.S. has established a parallel (to the international law) legal regime of aid prohibitions that helps them control the developing countries’ behavior. Most of the active restrictions and prohibitions were imposed during the Cold War but not as byproducts of the bipolarity, which is another illustration of continuity in the U.S. global policies in the 20th and 21st centuries. The imposition of these restrictions reflects not only a diversification of external threats to the U.S. vital interests, but also the logic of the U.S. domestic political process and the legislators’ wish to restrain the executive branch. The President, however, is entitled by law to waive most of the norms out of political or strategic considerations. This helps the U.S. government impose restrictions selectively but does not eliminate a hypothetical risk of aid suspension that can refrain a recipient government from certain domestic or external actions. Nonetheless, the impact of the U.S. aid prohibition as a tool of coercion has been declining because of strengthening of non-Western donors – especially, China, Arab countries, Turkey and Russian Federation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>внешняя помощь</kwd><kwd>экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>девиантное поведение</kwd><kwd>принуждение</kwd><kwd>экспроприация</kwd><kwd>государственный переворот</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>терроризм</kwd><kwd>ядерное нераспространение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>United States</kwd><kwd>foreign assistance</kwd><kwd>economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>deviant behavior</kwd><kwd>coercion</kwd><kwd>expropriation</kwd><kwd>military coup</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>terrorism</kwd><kwd>nuclear non-proliferation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балуев Д. 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