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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2019-3-66-42-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-962</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Международные санкции</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. International Sanctions</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Советский и российский ТЭК как объекты западных санкций: политическое соперничество или экономическая конкуренция?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Soviet and Russian Energy Industry as Objects of Western Sanctions: Political Rivalry or Economic Competition</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боровский</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borovsky</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ист.н., доцент кафедры международных отношений и внешней политики России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD. Hist. Sci., associate professor at the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuribor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3(66)</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боровский Ю.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боровский Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Borovsky Y.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/962">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/962</self-uri><abstract><p>С конца 1940-х гг. страны Запада регулярно используют санкции, эмбарго и иные подобные инструменты для противодействия развитию советского, а после 1991 г. российского топливно-энергетического комплекса (ТЭК). Автор пытается дать ответ на два исследовательских вопроса: что провоцирует такую политику Запада: политическое соперничество или экономическая конкуренция? Изменил ли Запад своё отношение к российскому ТЭК после окончания холодной войны? Первая часть исследования охватывает годы холодной войны, вторая – посвящена периоду после распада СССР. В статье рассматриваются как общие подходы стран Запада к советскому и российскому ТЭК, так и их позиции относительно сооружения важнейших нефтегазовых магистралей: нефтепровод «Дружба», газопроводы «Союз», «Уренгой – Помары – Ужгород», «Северный поток – 1», «Северный поток – 2», другие. В рамках исследования автор приходит к следующим выводам. Главным инспиратором санкционных и иных ограничительных мер Запада в отношении советского и российского ТЭК неизменно являются Соединённые Штаты Америки. Стержневым мотивом подобной линии поведения служит политическое соперничество, хотя в определённые периоды (например, в 1950-1960-х гг., 2010-х гг.) США были также движимы экономической конкуренцией или желанием обеспечить интересы своих энергетических компаний. Западноевропейские государства обычно солидаризировались с действиями США, направленными против советского или российского ТЭК. Однако в случаях, когда затрагивались их стратегические интересы (например, проекты строительства газопроводов «Уренгой – Помары – Ужгород» и «Северный поток – 2»), они были готовы в жёсткой и бескомпромиссной форме противостоять диктату Вашингтона. Это объяснялось как давлением со стороны западноевропейского бизнеса, заинтересованного в сотрудничестве с СССР или Россией в сфере энергетики, так и сильным желанием самих государств Западной Европы диверсифицировать поставки ближневосточных углеводородов и решить другие актуальные проблемы европейской энергетической безопасности, например, нивелировать транзитные риски, связанные с конфликтом на Украине. В целом, распад СССР и окончание холодной войны кардинально не изменили политики стран Запада в отношении российского ТЭК.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the late 1940s Western countries have regularly used sanctions, embargoes and other similar instruments to counter the development of the Soviet and, after 1991, the Russian energy industry. The author tries to answer two research questions: what provokes such a policy of the West: political rivalry or economic competition? Has the West changed its attitude to the Russian energy industry after the end of the Cold war? The first part of the study covers the years of the Cold war; the second part is devoted to the period following the collapse of the USSR. The article deals with generic approaches of Western countries to the Soviet and Russian energy industry, as well as their stances on major oil and gas pipelines, including the «Druzhba» (or the «Friendship») oil pipeline, the Soyuz gas pipeline, The «Urengoy – Pomary – Uzhhorod» (or the West-Siberian) gas pipeline, the Nord Stream 1,2 gas pipelines. The author came to the following conclusions. The main inspirer of sanctions and other restrictive measures of the West against the Soviet and Russian energy industry has always been the United States of America. The core motive of such behavior has been political rivalry, although in certain periods (for example, in the 1950s-1960s, 2010-ies) the United States may also be driven by economic competition or the desire to ensure the interests of its energy companies. Western European countries have often been in solidarity with the American actions against the Soviet or Russian energy complex. However, when their strategic interests are affected (for example, in case of construction of the Urengoy – Pomary – Uzhgorod and Nord stream 2 gas pipelines), they can resist the dictates of Washington. This is due both to pressure from Western European business interested in cooperation with the USSR or Russia in the energy field, and a strong desire of Western European countries to diversify oil and gas supplies from the Middle East and to solve some other energy problems, for instance, to mitigate transit risks associated with Ukraine. Overall, the end of the Cold war has not radically changed the policy of the West towards the Russian energy industry.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>энергетическая политика</kwd><kwd>нефть</kwd><kwd>газ</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>ЕС</kwd><kwd>Германия</kwd><kwd>Северный поток</kwd><kwd>Украина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>energy policy</kwd><kwd>oil</kwd><kwd>gas</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>USSR</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>EU</kwd><kwd>Germany</kwd><kwd>Nord Stream</kwd><kwd>Ukraine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бжезинский З. Великая шахматная доска. М.: АСТ, 2018. 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brzeziński Z. Velikaya shakhmatnaya doska [The Grand Chessboard]. Moscow, AST, 2018. 384 p. 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