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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimoreview</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГИМО-Университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MGIMO Review of International Relations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8160</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO Universty Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2071-8160-2019-4-67-89-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimoreview-998</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ. Арабский мир</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES. Arab World</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ливан: обыкновенная «консоциональная демократия» в региональном контексте</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lebanon: An Ordinary “Consociational Democracy” in the Regional Context</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарабьев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarabiev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Викторович Сарабьев – к.и.н., ведущий научный сотрудник Центра арабских и исламских исследований.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei V. Sarabiev - Ph.D. (History), Leading Researcher of the Centre of Arabic and Islamic Studies</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alsaraby@ivran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сарабьев А.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сарабьев А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sarabiev A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/998">https://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/998</self-uri><abstract><p>Ливан обладает рядом особенностей, которые обусловливают его особое положение в регионе и важность в системе отношений между государствами Ближнего Востока. Большую роль в этом играют идеологический и стратегический аспекты мировой политики в регионе, в которые Ливан органически вписан как в историческом, так и геополитическом плане. Устойчивость страны, прошедшей сквозь долгую гражданскую войну, выделяет её из ряда государств региона. Авторская гипотеза состоит в том, что причина необычайной устойчивости ливанского общества, системы государственной власти, политических элит, хозяйственных связей и внешнеполитических контактов вопреки всем негативным региональным факторам может корениться в консоциональном принципе принятия ключевых решений, основанном, как это ни парадоксально, на пресловутом политическом конфессионализме. Особенности ливанской политической модели (хотя и подвергаемые заслуженной критике), выделяют её из множества «привычных» демократий, сближая с примерами уникальных демократических систем Европы и других континентов. Пестрый конфессиональный состав общества, наряду с исторически обусловленными внешнеполитическими ориентирами отдельных общин, предполагал особый неформальный механизм принятия решений в масштабах страны – не на основе власти большинства, а по договорному, компромиссному принципу. Ведущие теоретики консоционализма нередко имели в виду ливанский образец демократии в своих политологических выкладках, и многие из их наработок по сей день хорошо применимы для анализа вопросов функционирования основных государственных институтов Ливана. Теоретическое исследование, наряду с анализом текущей региональной ситуации, убеждает автора в правоте выдвинутой гипотезы. Как в ливанской истории, так и теперь именно застарелые формы внешних воздействий заставляют ливанское общество балансировать на грани обострения межобщинных столкновений. Совокупность внешних факторов послужила началом и в дальнейшем подогревала гражданскую войну. Накалившиеся к 2005 г. отношения с Сирией, нападение Израиля в 2006 г., серьёзнейшая угроза со стороны джихадистов-халифатистов – все эти внешние факторы негативно отражались на внутригражданских и межобщинных отношениях. Стереотипные формы использования извне соответствующих конфессиональных групп (шиитов, суннитов, христиан разных конфессий и др.) и даже прямое давление из-за рубежа продолжают сталкивать их между собой, навязывая чуждые для ливанцев представления о социальных отношениях и политическом участии. Диверсификация политических и деловых контактов России с представителями разных ливанских общин может служить удачным примером восприятия Ливана со всеми особенностями его политической системы как полноправного субъекта международных отношений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Lebanon has a number of features that determine its special position in the region and its importance in the system of relations between the Middle East states. An important role in this is played by the ideological and strategic aspects of world politics in the region in which Lebanon is organically inscribed in both the historical and geopolitical plans. The stability of a country that has passed through a long civil war makes it stand out from a number of states in the region. The author's hypothesis is that the reason for the extraordinary stability — of Lebanese society, the system of state power, political elites, economic ties and foreign policy contacts, despite all the negative regional factors — can be rooted in the consociational principle of making key decisions based, paradoxically, on the notorious political confessionalism. The peculiarities of the Lebanese political model (although they are subject to well-deserved criticism) distinguish it from the multitude of “customary” democracies, bringing together with examples of the unique democratic systems of Europe and other continents. The motley confessional composition of society, along with the historically determined foreign policy guidelines of individual communities, suggested a special informal decision-making mechanism throughout the country — not on the basis of majority power, but on a contractual, compromise principle. Leading theorists of consociationalism often had in mind the Lebanese pattern of democracy in their political studies, and many of their developments are still well applicable for analyzing the functioning of the main state institutions of Lebanon. A theoretical study, along with an analysis of the current regional situation, convince the author of the correctness of the hypothesis put forward. Both in Lebanese history and now, it is the inveterate forms of external influences that forced Lebanese society to balance on the verge of aggravated intercommunal clashes. The combination of external factors served as the beginning and further warmed up the civil war. Heightened relations with Syria by 2005, the Israeli attack in 2006, the gravest threat from jihadi-caliphatists – all these factors have negatively affected intra-civil and inter-group relations. Stereotypical forms of use of religious communities (Shiites, Sunnis, Christians of different denominations, etc.) from the outside and even direct pressure from abroad continue to confront them, imposing ideas on social relations and political participation that are alien to Lebanese. Diversification of political and business contacts of Russia with representatives of different Lebanese communities can serve as a good example of Lebanon’s perception of all the features of its political system as a full subject of international relations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd><kwd>идеология арабского национализма</kwd><kwd>суннито-шиитский конфликт</kwd><kwd>ливанские христиане</kwd><kwd>консоциональная демократия</kwd><kwd>политический конфессионализм</kwd><kwd>глубоко разделённые общества</kwd><kwd>международные связи</kwd><kwd>политическое давление</kwd><kwd>Ливан</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Middle East</kwd><kwd>ideology of Arab nationalism</kwd><kwd>Sunni-Shiite conflict</kwd><kwd>Lebanese Christians</kwd><kwd>consociational democracy</kwd><kwd>political confessionalism</kwd><kwd>deeply divided societies</kwd><kwd>international relations</kwd><kwd>political pressure</kwd><kwd>Lebanon</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья написана по гранту Российского научного фонда на 2017–2019 гг., проект № 17-18-01614 «Проблемы и перспективы международно-политической трансформации Ближнего Востока в условиях региональных и глобальных угроз».</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was written by Russian science Foundation grant for the 2017-2019 biennium., project No. 17-18-01614 «Problems and Prospects of Political Transformation of the Middle East in Terms of Regional and Global Threats».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мюллер Д. 2015. 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