SHADOW GLOBALIZATION

The article reviews some development trends brought about by globalization, particularly, a growing tax evasion and tax avoidance, an expansion of illicit financial flows and the proliferation of a global criminal network. The author draws attention to some new phenomena, particularly, cosmopolitanization of some parts of national elites and a deepening divide between national interests and the private interests of elites as a consequence of financial globalization. Modern mass media, both Russian and foreign, tend to interpret globalization processes exclusively from the position of conformism, and for some of the researchers globalization became the "sacred cow", which one may only worship. Critical analysis of the processes associated with globalization is given a hostile reception. In response to criticism of globalization, one can hear the very same argument: "globalization in inevitable!" Such a state of affairs, the very least, causes perplexity. Some of the world development trends been observed over the past years raise serious concerns about the security and welfare of the peoples of the world. One of such trends has been the globalization of shadow economic activities. Methods of fight against the criminal economy been applied in international practice can be grouped into: 1) punitive enforcement (or criminal-legal) methods) and 2) socio-economic methods. As the results of various research works evidence punitive enforcement methods not supported by socio-economic measures not effective enough. Toughening the control over criminal economic activities in the absence of preventive and corrective actions aiming to neutralize institutional, social and other stimuli facilitating criminalization of economic activities can result in large losses of financial assets in the form of mass capital flight

«грязные деньги», globalization, tax avoidance, tax evasion, shadow economy, non-observable economy, criminal economic activityy, “dirty money”, money laundry, offshore, Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering - FATF

1. Abdih,Yasser and Leandro Medina. Measuring the Informal Economy in the Caucasus and Central Asia // IMF Working Paper 13/37, May 2013, рр. 1-17; Bayramov, Gubad. The Shadow Economy in Azerbaijan: Size and Causes// Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), 2012, рр. 1-16.

2. Giving with one hand and taking with the other: Europe's role in tax- related capital flight from developing countries 2013//A report coordinated by Eurodad// Brussels, 2013, рр. 1-70.

3. Dev Kar and Sarah Freitas, Russia: Illicit Financial Flows and the Role of the Underground Economy// Global Financial Integrity, February 2013, рр. 1-78.

4. Ybarra J. La-estructuracion Espontanea de la Industria del Calzaado Espanol // Boletin de Estudios Economicos, 1982, no. 37, рр. 483-503.

5. Крылов А.А. Социально-экономические проблемы нейтрализации криминальной экономики: Лекция. М.: Академия МВД РФ, 1992 48 с.

6. Naylor, R.T. Towards a General Theory of Profit-Driven Crimes, «British Journal of Criminology», no. 43, 2003, рр. 81-101.

7. Нестеров А. Криминализация экономики и проблемы безопасности// Вопросы экономики. 1995. № 1. С. 135-142.

8. Объем теневой экономики в Азербайджане меньше, чем в Армении [Электронный ресурс] //AZE.az. Пятница, 27 апреля 2012 г. Режим доступа: http://www.aze.az/news_obem_tenevoy_ekonomiki_76257. html

9. Poulin Richard. Vamos hacia una pedofilizaciôn de la trata [Электронный ресурс]. //Pagina 12, Domingo, 7 de junio de 2009. Режим доступа: http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-126224-2009-06-07.html.

10. Russia's shadow economy accounts for 15-20% of GDP [Электронный ресурс]. //RIA Novosti, 21 June 2013. Режим доступа: http://en.ria.ru/business/20130620/181784882/Russias-Shadow-Economy-Accounts-for-15-20-of-GDP--Minister.html

11. Ceyhun Elgin, Oguz Oztunali. Shadow economies all around the world: Model-based estimates [Электронный ресурс]// VoxEU.org, 10 May 2012. Режим доступа: http://www.voxeu.org/article/shadow-economies-around-world-model-based-estimates

12. Schneider Friedrich. Money laundering and financial means of organized crime: some preliminary empirical findings. EU Economics of security working paper 26. EUSECON: February 2010, рр. 1-29.

13. Schneider Friedrich, The Shadow Economy and Work in the Shadow: What Do We (Not) Know? IZA DP, no. 6423. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2012, рр. 1-73.

14. Schneider Friedrich, Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of Portugal and 35 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A further decline. The Johannes Kepler University of Linz, 2013, рр. 1-30.

15. Шнейдер Фридрих и Доминик Энст. Скрываясь в тени. Рост подпольной экономики. МВФ, Вашингтон О.К., Март 2002 г., 23 с.

16. Фаррелл Диана. Скрытые угрозы неформальной экономики. The McKinsey Quarterly, 2004. № 3. С.14

17. Havocscope - Global Black Market Information [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://www. havocscope.com/countries/ranking/

18. UNODC. Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organized crime. Research Report, Vienna, 2011. P. 1-140.