CRISIS OF GLOBAL HEGEMONY: THE OVERSTREACH OF US HYPERPOWER IN THE 21ST CENTURY
https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2017-1-52-36-56
Abstract
The structural change of international relations system at the end of the Cold war has resulted in US becoming the sole superpower or hyperpower. The US took advantage of this position and strived to build a hegemonic world order based on US military-strategic superiority and soft-power. Implementation of this strategy results in “imperial overstrain” a serious revision of US strategic planning in 2010 and 2015. In the context of the continuing decline in the power of the United States (economic, technological and military) relative to other centers of power, it is nonmilitary political methods and instruments that, together with “soft power” and military pressure, increasingly come to the fore in US realizing global geopolitical aspirations. The new imperative of US strategy is deterrence of Russia and China, which could result only in the crisis of global hegemony and the rise of conflicts in world politics.
About the Author
V. V. Shishkov
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
PhD in Political Science, assistant professor of Institute of Law and Security,
82, Prospect Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119606
References
1. Brooks S., G. Ikenberry J., and Wohlforth W. Lean Forward. Foreign Affairs. January/February 2013 No.1. (Russ. ed.: Aikenberri Dzh, Bruks S., Uolfort U. Nazad puti net. Rossiia v global’noi politike, 2013, no. 1, pp. 130 – 145.). (In Russian).
2. Akishev M. Vozmutiteli tikhookeansko-go spokoistviia [Disturbers of the peace of the Pacific]. Expert Online, 18.11.2011. Available at: http://expert.ru/2011/11/18/ vozmutiteli-tihookeanskogo-spokojstvi-ya/ (Accessed: 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
3. Amerikanskaia strategiia “perebalansirovki” sil v ATR i interesy natsional’noi bezopasnosti Rossii [The American strategy of “rebalancing” of forces in the Asia-Pacific region and the interests of national security of Russia]. Problemy natsional’noi strategii, 2015, no. 4 (31), рр. 9-43. (In Russian).
4. Bartenev V. «Strategiia natsional’noi bezopasnosti SShA» 2015 goda: ot vseob”emliushchego k selektivnomu vovlecheniiu i sderzhivaniiu [“The national security strategy of the USA” in 2015: from comprehensive to selective engagement and deterrence]. Puti k miru i bezopasnos-ti, 2015, no. 1(48), рр. 48-66. (In Russian).
5. Bogaturov A. Kontrrevoliutsiia tsennostei i mezhdunarodnaia bezopasnost’ [The counter-revolution of values and international security] // Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2008, no. 2, vol. 6, рр. 4-15 (in Russian).
6. V Iuzhnoi Koree poiavitsia krupneishaia v mire voennaia baza SShA [South Korea will have the world’s largest U.S. military base]. Rossiiskaia gazeta, 15.12.2015. Available at: http://www. rg.ru/2015/12/15/baza-site-anons.html. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
7. Voennyi biudzhet SShA. Chto mozhet sebe pozvolit’ Amerika [The US military budget. Can afford America]. Vesti ekonomika, 21.04.2014. Available at: http:// www.vestifinance.ru/articles/41963. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
8. Voiny v Irake i Afganistane oboshlis’ SShA v $1,6 trln. [The war in Iraq and Afghanistan has cost the U.S. $1.6 trillion]. Interfaks, 19.12.2014. Available at: http://www.interfax.ru/world/414170. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
9. Strokan’ S. Kondoliza Rais nazvala vra-gov chelovechestva. Eto Severnaia Koreia, Iran i mnogopoliarnost’ [Speech by C. Rice at the International Institute for strategic studies London.]. Kommersant”, 28.06.2003. Available at: http://www. kommersant.ru/doc/392129. (Accessed: 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
10. Ivanov V. Tikhookeanskaia postup’ Be-logo doma [Pacific upstaged by White house]. Nezavisimoe voennoe obozrenie, 19.06.2015. Available at: http:// nvo.ng.ru/gpolit/2015-06-19/1_pentagon.html. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
11. Katar ob”iavil o gotovnosti uchastvovat’ v nazemnoi operatsii v Sirii [Qatar has announced its willingness to participate in a ground operation in Syria]. Lenta. ru, 15.02.2016. Available at: https:// lenta.ru/news/2016/02/15/1/ (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
12. Kerri: Poka Asad nakhoditsia u vlasti, ostanovit’ voinu nevozmozhno [Kerry: as long as Assad is in power, to stop the war is impossible]. RIA Novosti, 05.12.2015. Available at: http://ria.ru/syria_chronicle/20151205/1336675913.html. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
13. Kir’ianov O. SShA rasshiriat voennoe prisutstvie na Filippinakh [U.S. to expand military presence in the Philippines]. Rossiiskaia gazeta, 28.04.2014. Available at: http://www.rg.ru/2014/04/28/ filippini-site-anons.html. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
14. Konyshev V.N., Sergunin A.A. O novoi voennoi doktrine B. Obamy [About the new military doctrine of Barack Obama]. Problemy natsional’noi strategii, 2012, no. 3 (12), рр. 98-113. (In Russian).
15. Luttwak E.N. The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Massachusetts/Lon-don, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Publ., 2009. 512 p. (Russ. ed.: Luttvak E. Strategiia Vizantiiskoi imperii. Moscow, Russkii Fond Sodeistviia Obrazovaniiu i Nauke, Universitet Dmitriia Pozharskogo, 2010. 664 р.). (in Russian).
16. Mamonov M. Vozmozhna li voina me-zhdu Amerikoi i Kitaem [Can there be a war between America and China]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2012, vol. 10, no. 2(29), рр. 135-142. (In Russian).
17. Mamonov M. Politika SShA v Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskom regione [U.S. policy in the Asia-Pacific region]. Observer, 2012, no. 11, рр. 88-96. (In Russian).
18. Marin A. Strategiia natsional’noi be-zopasnosti SShA (2015) [The national security strategy of the USA (2015)]. Zarubezhnoe voennoe obozrenie, 2015, no. 6, рр.3-10. (In Russian).
19. Migranian A. Vnutripoliticheskaia situatsiia v Soedinennykh Shtatakh [The internal political situation in the United States]. Rossiia v global’noi politike. Available at: http://www.globalaf-fairs.ru/docs/migranyan.pdf. (Accessed 28.04.2013). (In Russian).
20. MID KNR: SShA narashchivaiut voennoe prisutstvie v Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskom regione [The Chinese foreign Ministry: US increasing military presence in the Asia-Pacific region]. TASS, 03.11.2015. Available at: http://tass.ru/ mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/2403278. (Accessed 28.01.2016).
21. Pouzen B. Umerit’ pyl [Moderate heat]. Rossiia v global’noi politike, 2013, no.1, рр. 116 – 128. (In Russian).
22. Primakov E.M. Mir bez Rossii? K chemu vedet politicheskaia blizorukost’ [World without Russia? The consequences of political myopia]. Moscow, Rossiiskaia gazeta Publ., 2009. 239 р.
23. Sizov V. Faktor sily v politike SShA [The power factor in U.S. policy]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2009, no. 2. рр. 33-40. (In Russian).
24. Sushencov A. Strategiia voennogo prisutstviia SShA v Azii [The strategy of the US military presence in Asia]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2012, vol. 10, no. 2(29), рр.130-134. (In Russian).
25. Sushencov A.A. Ocherki politiki SShA v regional’nykh konfliktakh 2000-h godov [Essays on U.S. policy in regional con-flicts of the 2000s years]. Ed. by Bogaturov A.D. Moscow, MGIMO-Universitet Publ., 2013. 249 р. (In Russian).
26. SShA potratili na voinu v Irake $2 trln. [The U.S. spent on the Iraq war $2 trillion]. RBK, 14.03.2013. Available at http://www.rbc.ru/ economics/14/03/2013/849254.shtml. (Accessed 28.01.2016). (In Russian).
27. Turtsiia i Saudovskaia Araviia nachali sovmestnye voenno-vozdushnye ucheniia [Turkey and Saudi Arabia have launched a joint military air exercises]. Interfaks, 15.02.2016. Available at: http:// www.interfax.ru/world/494791 (Accessed 28.03.2016). (In Russian).
28. Shakleina T.A. Liderstvo i sovremennyi mirovoi poriadok [Leadership and the modern world order]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2015, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 6-19. (In Russian).
29. Eksperty: usilenie vostochnogo flanga NATO mozhet razviazat’ ruki Turtsii [Experts: strengthening of the Eastern flank of NATO can untie the hands of Turkey]. RIA Novosti, 11.02.2016. Available at: http://ria.ru/ world/20160211/1372907003.html (Accessed 28.03.2016). (In Russian).
30. Er-Riiad zaiavil o gotovnosti snabdit’ siriiskuiu oppozitsiiu moshchnym oruzhiem [Riyadh has said it is ready to supply the Syrian opposition a powerful weapon]. Lenta.ru, 16.02.2016. Available at: https://lenta.ru/news/2016/02/16/ saudiarabiaarms/ (Accessed: 28.03.2016). (In Russian).
31. Bacevich A.J. Ending Endless War. A Pragmatic Military Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 2016, no. 5. Available at: https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-08-03/ending-endless-war (Accessed: 28.03.2016).
32. Brooks S.G. and Wohlforth W.C. Ameri-ca Abroad: The United States Global Role in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2016. 288 p.
33. Bush G., Scowcroſt B. A World Transformed. New York, 1998. 590 p.
34. Huntington S. The Lonely Superpower. Foreign Affairs, 1999, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 35–49.
35. Kaplan R.D. Eurasia’s Coming Anarchy. The Risks of Chinese and Russian Weakness. Foreign Affairs, 2016, no. 3. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-02-15/eurasias-coming-anarchy (Accessed: 28.03.2016).
36. Mann M. Incoherent Empire. London, Verso Publ., 2005. 278 p.
37. Mearsheimer J.J. Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault. Foreign Affairs, 2014. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs. com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-08-18/ why-ukraine-crisis-west-s-fault (Accessed 28.01.2017).
38. National Security Strategy. The White House. Available at: https://www.white-house.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_ national_security_strategy_2.pdf (Accessed 28.03.2016).
39. «Prevent the Reemergence of a New Rival». The Making of the Cheney Regional Defense Strategy, 1991-1992. Available at: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm#1. (Accessed 28.01.2016).
40. Rice C. Rethinking the National Interest. Foreign Affairs, 2008. Available at: https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2008-06-01/rethinking-national-interest. (Accessed 28.03.2016).
41. Rice C. US must recall it is not just any country. FT, 26.07.2012. Available at: http://www.ſt.com/cms/s/0/ f4837046-d67b-11e1-ba60-00144feab-dc0.html#axzz3ssMzreyc. (Accessed 28.03.2016).
42. Secretary Rumsfeld Interview. The New York Times, 12.10.2001.
43. Sheehan M. The balance of power. History and theory. London, Routledge, 2000. 226 p.
44. The Nation: SShA – rekordsmeny po chislu vredonosnyh voennyh baz. RIA Novosti, 16.09.2015. Available at: http:// ria.ru/world/20150916/1255446694. html. (Accessed 28.01.2016).
45. The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2015. Available at: http://www.jcs.mil/portals/36/ documents/publications/2015_national_military_strategy.pdf (Accessed 28.03.2016).
46. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House. Washington, September, 2002. Available at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf (Accessed 28.03.2016).
47. To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a «Hyperpower». The New York Times, 05.02.1999. Available at: http://www.nytimes. com/1999/02/05/news/05iht-france.t_0. html. (Accessed: 28.03.2016).
48. Thornberry M., Krepinevich A.F. Jr. Preserving Primacy A Defense Strategy for the New Administration. Foreign Affairs, 2016, no. 5. Available at: https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/north-america/2016-08-03/preserving-primacy (Accessed: 28.12.2016).
49. Védrine H. Face à l’hyperpuissance: Textes et discours (1995-2003). Paris, Fa-yard Publ., 2003. 384 p.
50. Vice President Richard Cheney. Remarks at the 2006 Vilnius Conference. 04.05.2006. Available at: http://georgew-bush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/ releases/2006/05/20060504-1.html (Accessed 28.01.2016).
51. Wohlforth W.C., Kaufman S. Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History. European Journal of International Relations, 2007, no. 13(2), pp. 155-185.
52. Zenko M., Fellow S., Lissner R. F. Trump Is Going to Regret Not Having a Grand Strategy. Foreign Policy, 13.01.2017. Available at: http://foreignpolicy. com/2017/01/13/trump-is-going-to-regret-not-having-a-grand-strategy/ (Accessed 10.02.2017).
Review
For citations:
Shishkov V.V. CRISIS OF GLOBAL HEGEMONY: THE OVERSTREACH OF US HYPERPOWER IN THE 21ST CENTURY. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2017;(1(52)):36-56. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2017-1-52-36-56
Views:
2033
Email this article 