Anatoly Andreevich Gromyko, a professor of the Moscow State University, a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences reflects in his article on the destinies of mankind and the most complex problems facing the world community at the early 21 century under globalization and increased demand in global governance. In his analysis the author concedes that after numerous pieces of research on various aspects of these two phenomena, there are still more questions than answers. He believes that globalization might become a force serving not only private interests of big corporations but also the common good of humanity. Since interdependence is the main feature of our world we should not fall prey to the ideal images of global governance because there is no one size fit all global governance. The article elaborates the three most pressing world problems:
– the need in a new way of thinking about globalization. According to the author the problems of globalization must be approached with knowledge of history and acknowledgement of social justice;
– the need in morally acceptable balance among unifying potential of globalization, unchained global market and the state as the last resort of its nation;
– the need to make United Nations a platform, where political and social democracy should lay ground for global governance so craved for by the mankind. The author pays special attention to the dichotomy between the force of law and the law of force as well as to the prospects for the new democratic global order accommodating the sustainable development of human civilization.

The article deals with the qualitative changes that have taken place in the course of Japan in the field of military security in December 2012 after the rise of the second Abe Cabinet. These changes include tightening of the policy towards China, stronger defense policy coordination with the countries concerned with the growth of Beijing's military ambitions, as well as the revision of the basic strategy of defense capacity-building.A special place in Tokyo’s new policy was taken by the moves aimed at revising the Constitution. Constitutional reform is seen in Tokyo as a sort of milestone marking the end of the postwar Japanese history when Japan held the position of the "junior partner" of the United States. However, even within the framework of the Constitution the Abe Cabinet strives to achieve a full legitimization of the self-defense forces’ missions outside Japan, formally to maintain peace and security, but essentially to meet the requirements of the Security Treaty.The author concludes that the future policy of Japan in the field of military security will be to a large extent determined by the situation around the territorial dispute with China. Apparently, the Chinese ships’ patrolling of the areas around the Senkaku will become a routine practice, and Japan will have to if you do not accept, but at least to get used to a permanent Chinese presence in the disputed waters. Thus, the question is how to establish bilateral mechanisms of preventing escalation of tension to the stage of an armed conflict.Key words: Japan, the Constitution, the National Security Council, the restrictions on the export of arms, the right of collective self-defense, territorial dispute, the UN Convention on the law of the sea, the Shangri-La dialogue.

The article deals with the difficulties that may arise in organizing "Geneva-2" as well as those that may appear in the course of the Conference itself. It focuses on the inter-Syrian talks that will be aimed at achieving a compromise on the key issues of Syria’s future.The author provides us with a comparative analysis of the Syrian parties' “degree of readiness” to engage in dialogue as well as with a review of the negotiation documents prepared by various factions of the Syrian opposition in which they outline their vision of transition in Syria.Emphasis is made on how outside players with influence on the Syrian sides (USA, France, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and others) should act in the case of impasse of talks or difficulties in the implementation of decisions taken. The paper examines the role that Russia must play in order for the Conference to succeed, as well as that of Lakhdar Brahimi, Special Representative of the UN on Syria.The material presented is particularly relevant in the framework of the revival of the political process around Syria, especially in terms of the intensifying efforts to organize the International Conference with the purpose of finding a comprehensive political settlement to the crisis in Syria through the full implementation of the Geneva Communiqué (30 June, 2012).

The article deals with the transformation of Japan’s strategy vis-a-vis China. China and Japan are the most powerful states in East Asia in economic, political and military dimensions. They constitute two poles which shape the regional subsystem of international relations. China’s rise presents a considerable challenge for Japan’s foreign policy alongside with immense opportunity for the state’s development, with Japan’s and China’s positions, as well stability in East Asia resting upon Japan’s strategy towards China. Japan’s China strategy in the aftermath of World War II prior to 2010-2011 can be characterized as engagement with elements of containment. Japan has to a significant degree accommodated China’s rise by facilitating the successful implementation of its grand strategy, seen as the restoration of a great power status that China lost in the 19th century opium wars. The beginning of the 21st century saw a reassessment of Japan’s foreign policy and adopting a proactive stance. There is a divergence of opinion as to Japan’s strategy towards China in 2000s: while a number of scholars believe that there was a shift to balancing, others conclude that no such trend existed and “hedging” would be a more accurate definition, as it enables a state to protect from risks with regional coalitions. The early 2010s have seen Japan’s China strategy increasingly transforming into balancing and containment influenced by Japan’s growing perception of China’s maritime activities in the East China Sea as a threat to its security. However, there is growing possibility of adopting a “dual hedging” strategy, as China is first of all regarded as the key economic partner for Japan’s successful development.

The article considers the European Union’s key strategic interests in the increased use of the Arctic routes, especially the Northern Sea Route (NSR), but also the Northwest Passage. This issue is high on the agenda given the EU dependence on the maritime transport accounting for the predominant share of the Union’s trade. The EU technological, financial and human resources can contribute greatly to the development if the Arctic seaways which would in turn benefit the member states. The author notes that the EU has already actively engaged in designing the framework regulation for the Arctic maritime shipping including the legal, environmental and safety provisions. Securing an innocent passage of ships through the Arctic waters is one of the main objectives in this regard considering that none of the EU members are Arctic coastal states. Another issue at stake is delivering Arctic oil and gas reserves highly important for the EU to the continent for which developed seaborne transport is crucial. The article also gives an overview of the EU practical steps with regards to the Arctic routes including projects aimed at connecting the Union’s transport system with the Russian North West and potentially the NSR. It is noted that the EU is highly interested in exploiting the potential of the Arctic sea routes and focuses on international cooperation to achieve the goal. Increased EU cooperation with the Arctic coastal states including Russia would be mutually beneficial given the opportunities the new routes offer and the EU resources that can be used to support their development.

The article reviews the current challenges to international efforts invested in solving information inequality. It dwells on issues of Russian role in these efforts and the protection of Russian intellectual property and information resources, development of "electronic government" in Russia, and the role of the Russian diplomacy in preventing the adverse effects of information revolution.Author believes that the Russian diplomacy faces today a new challenge – nurturing the international environment conducive to goals of socio-economic development and preserving national sovereignty under the conditions of transnational information flows. The author singles out three main approaches to Internet governance: the U.S., Russian and the EU. U.S. states the principle of state non-intervention in Internet. Russia takes the opposite position – state intervention on legal basis. The E.U. occupies the middle ground of “smart state intervention”, which is closer to the Russian position. There multiple variations of these three positions stemming from state information dictatorship to information neoliberalism. The author states three main strategic goals of the Russian diplomacy in information sphere: – partaking in shaping international information legislation which is prone to many problems today. – protecting IT sector of the Russian economy with TNCs enjoying almost monopoly on international IT market.

The article analyses the problem of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, including facilities of the nuclear industry. At present there is almost no international legal regulation of the possible usage of information technologies in order to information systems used by object of the critically important infrastructure. Still, there has been an unprecedented growth in the information threats in recent years. As it was revealed in 2010, several Middle East States, first of all Iran in 2008, were the target for a series of systematic and sophisticated computer attacks, whose initiators remain unknown, which were aimed at the collection of information about the objects of critical information infrastructure of these states and its program intrusion. The author supports the thesis of the need for early development of international legal instruments to prevent and prohibit such cyber attacks. At the same time the leadership in the formulation and solution of this problem on the international scene can assume the Russian Federation, whose initiatives have since 1998 shaped the global agenda in terms of regulating the behavior of states in cyberspace. Despite the significant differences of different countries in this area, their positions on ensuring protection against cyber attacks peaceful nuclear infrastructure are the closest to a consensus, creating a window of opportunity for practical progress on this issue in 2013-2014.

The complexity and importance of the study of the U.S. – Japan relations in world politics requires continuous improvement of scientific methods. However, works which would analyze the U.S. – Japan relations as a single organism are practically nonexistent. The article analyzes the U.S. – Japan relations as a whole integrative system with a specific structure. The institutionalization of the American- Japanese system, its interaction with world politics are considered especially. The author determines structure of the system, detects leading interactions between its elements, examines the integrity of the American-Japanese system, its levels and hierarchy, dynamics of functioning. The study attempts to prove the author’s methodology which considers bilateral U.S. – Japan institutions as the basis of the American – Japanese system. As part of this methodology the conjugation between the system of bilateral American- Japanese institutions and world politics is analyzed. The dependence of the system on world politics and the dependence of world politics on changes in the U.S. – Japan relations are also revealed. As a result of the study an integral picture of the U.S. – Japan relations is demonstrated. The logic and patterns of their development are determined. It is shown that globalization, changes in balance of power, emergence of a vast number of non-state actors on a world stage changed and continue to change U.S. – Japan relations. What is more, the transformation of the U.S. – Japan relations is the transformation of world politics itself.

The paper sets out to prove that the influence of the learner’s first/second language on the acquisition and use of other languages may be minimized, and ultimately eliminated, if the process of language teaching and language learning centers on the conceptual structures underlying the semantics of language units. Such conceptual structures (the conceptual inner form) shaping the peculiarities of the mode of expression characteristic of the given language community determine the choice of words in the process of communication and word combinability; if applied in second language teaching and learning they help avoid subconscious translation from the learner’s first language into a second/third, thus bringing down the interfering effects.

The article contains a description of an experimental criterion referenced assessment marking schemes design based on the theory of the socio-cultural approach to cognitive development (Zimnaya I.A.). The article envisages the progress in ESP writing and speaking skills as a part of cognitive development and suggests a cognitive development oriented progression of communication tasks necessary to reach the required ESP learning outcomes - communicative competence in ESP. It also contains a pedagogical strategy of developing criteria-referenced descriptors of performance assessment which serve as guidelines for teachers as well as a strategy of developing checking lists for students. The article provides some significant insights into the effect of criteria- referenced assessment on teacher and student development.

In the article the author analyses how the largest battle of the Great Patriotic War and the second World War, the Battle of Kursk, is shown in the west historiography: the intentions of the opposite sides, the degree of preparation to the coming battle, the correlation between number of people and military machines, the realization of decreed tasks, the peculiarities of strategy and moving fighting forces for the battle, the mistakes of German side which were the result of defeat. There are some arguments that the foundation for the forming ideas of western historians about the events on the Soviet German front in summer 1943 is in the workings of captured German generals and officers which were prepared by the task of military – historical service of US army. The workings played the important ideological and methodological role. Trying to excuse themselves these authors explained the defeat of Wehrmacht using some accidental factors which were not connected with their activity as military leaders. In particular there were some mistakes of the highest German political and military leadership, climatic and geographical peculiarities of the war in Russia. In the article the controversial battle Western historians, forms, methods and means of falsification of history and the role of the battle; exposure technique attempts to distort the essence of the events and the outcome of the battle.

In the article the problem of formation and transformation of an authoritarian style of governance in Central Asia has been considered. Its author claims that the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches of government are not really divided. The executive branch remains the force which determines the main development trends in society. Consequently, reforms in region have superficial nature. Among the main reasons of authoritarianism, established in Central Asia, the author emphasizes on the maintenance of tribal (clan) society structure, strengthening of conservatism and influence on the part of Islam, weak civil society institutions and the formation of local elite based on old party nomenclature. As it was established in the article, the political parties in Central Asia, as a rule, don`t have an ideological platform, and their formation is dominated by regional, clan and tribal interests. Their support from voters is determined by the attitude towards the party leader. As an example of Kazakhstan the author examines the major stages of its political system development for the last twenty years. It was suggested that an authoritarian setback took place amid the high politico-social tensions in 1993-1995. After, the process of authoritarian modernization began in the context of “large privatization”. As a result, polycentrism, when a clan became a prevailing form of elite grouping, was formed. In 1998-2004, the political system of Kazakhstan was built on basis of “managed democracy” model. An idea of improving system`s stability through strengthening of presidential power with simultaneous development of institutional elements of democracy forms its basis. A present stage of Kazakhstan’s political development is marked by that the authoritarian style of government amid the substantial economic progress and social stabilization has become to discourage the business and civic engagement activities. The situation demanded the liberalization of political life and the ruling elite had to make concessions.

Alevis are forming a large religious community in Turkey. According to different estimations they compose 10 up to 20% of the country’s population. Their system of religious belief is called Alevism which is one of the heterodox Muslim sects. Formation of Alevism has completed in Anatolia in the XVI century. The philosophy, ritual and worship in Alevism extremely differ from those, which are attributed to dominant Islam of Turkey (Hanafi school of Sunni Islam).This article is dedicated to the question of religious identity of Alevism. Comparative method has been used in the article: it focuses on the problem of correlation between Alevism and Bektashism, which is considered to be another «popular Islam» of Anatolia;It should be mentioned that the terms of Alevism and Bektashism are often used as synonyms, which is incorrect. The question of possibility of ascribing Alevism to Shi’ism is also investigated in the article, as well as comparison of Alevism with Syrian Nusayri doctrine. It is well known that Nusayris of Syria are quite often called «Arab Alawites». This denomination causes misunderstanding between the wide range of readers. At the end of the article Alevism’s own place is finally being defined within the religious mosaic of Turkey.

The paper deals with the analysis of typical features of Russian mentality, the so-called «birthmarks », and their influence upon the ways business is conducted in the global economic markets. The aim of the paper is to examine how historically determined elements of Russian business culture correlate with demands of contemporary international business practice. It is shown that Russian mentality and business, nurtured on the boarder-line between Western and Eastern cultures, possess a dual character. The paper shows the pendulum character of Russian business strategies in their interrelations with other countries. Taking into consideration foreign experts’ appreciation and attitudes the author distinguishes the most typical features of Russian mentality, which demolish the specific attractiveness of Russia. They include predominantly humanitarian, but not practically oriented mentality, changeable interest to foreign contacts, inability to follow treaties, numerous weak points in suggested projects, high expectations at the beginning, dubious character of approaches to problems, etc. The paper generalizes the image of the modern Russian entrepreneur and the way he is perceived abroad.

The article focuses on one of the strategic European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) sector priorities – sustainable energy. A vast amount of initiatives aiming at efficient energy use have been launched since the late XX century. Among others a pivotal role play the EBRD programmes comprising investments and technical assistance. Within over 20 years of activity the EBRD has gained great experience carrying out projects in the field of energy efficiency and therefore Sustainable Energy Initiative (SEI) was launched in 2006. Sub-sector breakdown include cleaner energy production, industrial energy efficiency, renewable energy, sustainable energy financing facilities for small and medium-scale projects implemented through local banks etc. SEI Phase 1 and 2 had been carried out by the end of 2011. In 2006-2012 the EBRD invested €11 billion in more than 620 projects. In 2012 Phase 3 was launched for the period 2012-2014, financing target – €4,5 to €6,5 billion. SEI accounts for 20-30% of the total EBRD financing volume. The greatest share as a core country of operations receives Russia: total SEI investments – €2,4 billion, number of projects – over 100, avoided greenhouse gases emissions – 18 million tonnes (CO2 equivalent per year), energy savings – 9 million tonnes of oil equivalent per year. Thus the EBRD encourages sustainable low-carbon economic development of the country. The EBRD will further extend sustainable energy activities, combining investments with technical assistance and policy dialogue.

The modernization and specialization of the economy in hi-tech and high-value-added goods is the long term goal defined and set forward within the frame of Russian Federation 2020 Concept for the Social and Economic Development. According to the principles and clauses of the abovementioned document these high-tech and high-value-added products in the long run are intended to be exported to the European Union countries. For the foreseeable future EU will remain Russia’s key trade partner and moreover will play an immense and significant role for the integration of the Russian Federation in the international manufacturing and industrial processes. However, considering the high level of economic development of the EU countries and their strong positions in global exports of processed products including hi-tech goods, the export of the manufactures to the EU countries is quite a challenging task for Russia. Currently the manufactures that are supplied to the European Union mainly consist of semi-processed commodities, e.g., metals, diamonds and chemicals. Russian high-value-added products are exported to a limited number of partners; export volumes are comparatively moderate and volatile. However, some high-tech Russian products are successfully exported to the EU countries and meet growing demand from consumers from Central and Western Europe. The share of finished products and high-value-added goods exported to the Central and Eastern Europe slightly exceeds the EU average; the growing machinery and transport equipment sales are determined by an increased supply towards Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Czech Republic.

The article analyzes the role of trade policy in ensuring the competitiveness of the automotive industry – one of the most sensitive to the changes of economic conditions and important for providing national economic security – and finding a balance between the need to regulate the internal market and the implementation of the commitments under WTO. The analyze of the current condition of the Russian automotive industry has shown that, despite the low share in the world production and exports, Russia has a great potential for growth, mainly due to the unsaturated domestic market. It is proved, that the development of the automotive industry as one of the innovative industries in the country has all the necessary terms. Moreover, the priority areas for the development of the automotive industry include, first of all, the creation of a full range production with foreign investment. Measures of attracting and regulating FDI received much attention due to their relationship with the instruments of trade policy, as the production of capital goods, particularly automobiles, require imports of components, and FDI, in turn, promote the export of finished products. The commitments taken by Russia in the automotive industry include reduction of duties on imported cars, the renegotiation of investment programs and rules for the functioning of special economic zones. At present, the most acute question is car recycling tax, which has led to a trade dispute with the European Union, and may lead to countervailing measures against Russian goods. Considering WTO rules, recommendations on the use of the most effective instruments of foreign policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry, were made, including the rationalization of import and the attraction of new technologies due to the diversification of customs duties on certain groups of automotive components, lowering income taxes, a gradual decrease of the fiscal functions of the customs tariff; the stability and transparency of the instruments of trade policy and simplification of customs procedures.

The article deals with the analysis of the phenomenon of the BRICS countries, the reasons for their rise and consolidation at the beginning of the XXI century. The author notes that cooperation of BRICS is a new format for the integration of the leaders of the emerging countries, analyzes the political and economic cooperation of these countries within the group, as well as with the rest of the world and the specific nature of relations between BRICS in different periods of modern history. The author also calls attention to the response of the Western countries to the creation of this integration group. In conclusion, the author means that the world is entering a new era. It becomes more democratic and more open for interaction processes. The new global players have already appeared at the world scene, they get ready to change the old rules of the game and create new opportunities for themselves and for others.

In this artıcle the analysis of the main directions of the strategic development of Russian vertically integrated oil companies is made including international expansion and development of relations with foreign partners and investors, mergers and aquisitions policy, global technology and qualified employees exchange, investments into research and development. Development of the global market brings processes of vertical integration to the international level, therefore one of the most urgent challenges facing the modern Russian vertically integrated oil companies is development of the new optimized strategy corresponding to global challenges and national priorities. The main strategic development’s directions of the Russian vertically integrated oil companies are described. For the companies accumulated significant financial resources, the priority is to actively enter the global market and to create the formation of transnational structures, which is due not only to the factors of globalization, but with very low efficiency and security of investments in the energy sector of Russia. The new strategy should promote increase the volume of oil production and petroleum products. Creation of vertically integrated companies leads to effective distribution of the factors of economic globalization. Instead of classic advantage factors comes global competitive advantages. First of all it is the ability to effectively distribute in time and place factors of economic activity using their advantage caused by their mobility. International expansion of Russian vertically integrated oil companies diversifies risks and makes the companies more sustainable. Futher diversification and integration of Russian companies is expected both In straight and reverse directions. Applying the strategy of vertical integration provides effective economic activity with high investment return.

The aspiration to associate in new integration structures, such as the CIS and EurAsEC, came to change to dezintegratsionny processes after disintegration of the Soviet Union. This article is devoted to a problem of development and deepening of degree of interrelation between CIS countries in such associations, as EurAsEC and EEP, to stages of formation of integration groups. The special attention is paid to one of the most topical issues – prospect of accession of Kyrgyzstan to the Customs Union. The following aspects are distinguished from favorable consequences of decision-making on accession for Kyrgyzstan:
– sustainable development of economy and cooperation with other countries from Custom Union in long-term prospect; – attraction of additional investments into national economy;
– liberalization of the legislation on migration, improvement of working conditions for migrants, growth of the budgetary income of host countries, formation of new workplaces;
– economic and political support of Russia and other participating countries of EEP. As negative consequences are called probability of outflow of the qualified and unqualified labor from Kyrgyzstan and possible falling of Chinese goods' import because of cancellation of the simplified order of declaring. In the article it is spoken about the main measures accepted by the participating countries of the Custom Union and Kyrgyzstan for acceleration of inclusions process of the Kyrgyz republic in structure of the Customs union. The author comes to the conclusion that integration of Kyrgyzstan into the Customs union will lift economy of Kyrgyzstan which becomes a component of huge intercontinental economic association – the Custom Union and EEP - on new qualitative level. This factor will increase investment appeal of the country for foreign partners, becomes the guarantor of development of the long-term mutually advantageous relations.

This article provides a chronology of events that led to the crisis of the modern financial system. Also, the author makes an assumption for the further development of global finances. Restoration of the gold standard in a particular seems to be one of these scenarios. The article describes the possible difficulties associated with the restoration of the gold standard in complete or partial form as well as the assumption of the possibility to introduce the gold standard in the framework of the regional integration BRICS.

The fundamental difference between a traditional economy and geoecological economy is discussed in the article. The deeper the economy is being introduced into the ecosystem, the stronger it will be pressure on it that is outside the ecosystem, the more destructive is this incompatibility. It is concluded that the geoecological sustainable economy requires that the laws of geoecology became the basis of economic policy. Rational nature-use is impossible without an understanding of the unity of society and nature, their historical development of mutual. Our challenge is to create a new economy, acting on geoecological laws, this task is quite feasible, but if we can make the market called the true price of goods and services, that is taking into account the ecosystem services. The article shows that humanity is now faced with two interrelated problems: First - this is a problem of rational use of geoecosystem services, including natural resources, and secondly - the problem of environmental protection of pollution and save geoecosystem services, that is there are two "sides of the coin" - geoecological and resource. The relationship of the concept of rational nature-use, developed by Soviet scientists in the mid-twentieth century, and the concept of sustainable development, suggested by Western scientists is studied. It is shown that sustainable development - this is more a slogan than a scientific concept, which is unlikely to be implemented at the local level. At the same time, the concept of rational nature-use is feasible in regions or individual countries. At the same time, it is concluded that there is no sense to abandon the idea of sustainable development, as it is in itself a very humane, has received wide international recognition, does not carry negative consequences, but you should always keep in mind that essentially - we are not talking about sustainable development but about rational nature-use in a given area of the globe. The examples of indicators of sustainable development are given in the article.

The paper presents the main aspects of the environmental technologies sector nowadays in Japan. Basing on the governmental definition of «ecological innovations», eco-innovations are developed according to the traditional Japanese concept of value creation – «monozukuri». Ecological innovations include technological improvements as well as social reforms. So far the paper draws an attention on two types of innovations: engineering technologies and social reforms (programms, education etc.). Basing on governmental Programs and open data bases the most important environmental technologies for nowadays in Japan are defined. From author’s point of view the first vector for Japan is «green energy» (alternative energy, energy efficiency) – innovations concern the challenge of climate change. Regarding this issue the aspects and technologies from «The Cool Earth Innovative Energy Technology Program» are described. The second vector is eco-innovations for pollution control and waste utilization – the traditional sector for Japan from 1970s. And the third one is defined as information and communication technologies for environmental challenges («green ICT») – the new vector for Japan as well as for the other countries. In the paper the issues of research and development activities, financial issues eco-innovations’ management and transfer are considered. The role of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) is discussed. The significant issue of verification of new technologies realized by Ministry of Environment in Japan is mentioned.

In the article the authors give the main characteristics of conditions of transaction validity according to the Russian and French law. In Russia, as well as in France, a transaction (agreement) which does not meet any of these conditions may be recognized as invalid in part or in full. The conditions of transaction validity are not specified directly in Russian laws, in contrast to the French legislation. Russian lawyers share the opinion that the conditions of transaction validity include the following: the content and the legal result of the transaction must not contradict to law; individuals and legal entities performing the transaction, must have capacity to be a party to the transaction; the expressed will of the transaction party must correspond to its actual will; the will of the transaction party must be expressed in due form. French legislation, in particular, the French Civil Code in the Article 1108 directly specifies the following conditions of transaction (agreement) validity: the party, which undertakes its obligations, must express its consent; the parties must have the capacity to make an agreement; certain subject, which represents the obligation's content; causa of the obligation. Article 1108 of the FCC does not contain direct provisions regarding the form of the transaction. However, in order to be valid, the transaction must be executed in certain legally established form. Also the article deals with the main common and different features in Russian and French legislation and doctrine.

Many social scientists are deeply concerned with the problem of youth cyber dependency. It is primarily caused by people’s “submergence” into the newest technological gadgets and virtual reality. In sociological lexis one can even meet such a term like “youth go online”. The author proposes a definition for that term applied to describe people who use electronic smartphones most part of their day (in some cases even like a background all day long). However we can’t diminish all advantages associated with the Internet using. It is both quick access to any information and distance education, the possibility to transfer money in a second through the whole world and other. But here the author stresses upon another side of Internet using. The paper reveals some forms of social and psychological challenges and deviance behavior while active using of virtual mass communication tools. Moreover, the article observes the most fundamental research in the sphere of sociology of youth and mass communication conducted by famous Russian and International scientists. Their studies reveal that young internet users sometimes lose a strong connection with the real world which is caused by informational overloading or “computer hunger”. On the base of the empirical data made by the Sociological School of The Moscow State University of International Relations (MGIMO-University), there was made an attempt to clarify the youth understanding of such phenomenon like internet-responsibility for the content users post and what do students mean by the term “cybersecurity”? Besides above-mentioned personal security, special attention is paid to the problem of international cyber terrorism which can cause more damage not only to companies but the whole governments. In that connection the article discloses the functioning of international organizations like United Nations, European Union and Council of Europe aimed to the prevention of destructive forms of internet using and creation of global culture of cybersecurity.

The article deals with Manuel Castells’ theory of network society, corrected and updated according to the new events happened during the last 10 years. The author of the theory registers the major signals of the changing processes in the modern society, happening due to the expansion of networks in the age of technological innovations. Сhanges affected the global economy, finance, structure of labor, migration, the velocity , role and individual's perception of time. An unprecedented increase of urbanization in the world happened as well. The society became multiethnic. The network structure of the society leads to the uprise of a fundamentally new form of communication called mass selfcommunications. The launched process reduces the elitist role of the official issuer of information i.e. the information flows going vertically, and increases the importance of information published in open spaces on the Internet by individuals i.e. information flows going horizontally from individuals to individuals. New technologies let any individual create its own informational system using the Internet and mobile communication tools. Despite the appearance of mass self-communications in an atmosphere of high social instability, this form of communication turns up to be an effective tool in the matrix of social interaction in the Internet. An accelerated growth in number of mass self-communications’ users is being registered due to the revolutionary changes in the field of communication technologies which made wireless mobile communication devices able to stay connected to the Internet almost continuously. Wireless communication becomes the dominant form of communication in the world, being the fastest-spreading communication technology in history. In this regard the role and form of issue of information in mass-media changes. Synergy between mass-communication and all other forms of communication appeared. The result of this process is the emergence of a radically new culture of communication in modern society.

The text scrutinizes Heidegger's attempt of ontological analysis of three linguistical roots of the term “being” (es-, bhu-, wes-) from The Freiburg lectures (1935). In author's opinion, Heidegger deliberately ignored the presence of the roots and their modifications in the Slavic languages. Notional and even ideological reasons of such «inattention» are pressumed, the reasons which determine linguistic conclusions of German philosopher (and not the other way around, as supposed when stated that linguistic bacame an absolutely independent scientific means of Heidegger's ontological «investigations»).At the same time, the author argues for an independent ontological and linguistic analysis of Slavic languages, to fill the philogophical «gapes», originated from ignoring the rich semantic content of those languages. The linguistic richness of Slavic radices is one of so far loosely developped means of knowing the important philosophical notions, including the notion «being». Turning the attention towards ethimological components of ontological and linguistical analysis is, of course, one of Heidegger's merits. But the different perspectives of that endevour, which show up in research of Slavic culture's material, radically change the practical concequences of those theses in the cultural and political plane. On the whole, they prevent the insight into aspirations of some contemporary political powers in marginalizing the Slavic cultures, ignoring their real position in global comunity, as well as the contributon of the Slavic cultures to the tresury of world cultures.The most important conclusion of the article is stressing of necessity to consider political conditionalities (residua) in philosophical positions, which the authors themselves are often unaware of. Calling to intellectual consciousness, Boris Bratina convincingly substantiates the methodological and research of content that follows from given positions.

The article provides a diachronic analysis of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures. The author studies the genesis and development of money in Russia and Great Britain, and conducts a research on the formation of “money” terminology in the corresponding languages. As part of the study it has been found out that the historical development of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures has a number of common features: the cores of the concepts, the lexical items «деньги» and “money”are borrowings that entered the vocabularies of the corresponding languages at the same time; the usage of foreign monetary units, in the first place, Byzantine coins, before the introduction of national currencies, influenced “money” terminology, breeding numerous words of foreign origin, as well as the design of money. The article also outlines the etymology of basic monetary units, such as the grzywna, the kuna, the denga, the ruble, the polushka, the kopeck, the altyn ,the chervonets – in Russian, the sterling, the pound, the penny, the shilling, the farthing, the unit, the noble, the sovereign – in English. The author finds a correlation between peculiarities of money development and the evolution of money nomenclature in Russian and English. The concluding section presents similar features and common laws of the concept “money” in the two linguacultures.

The article is dedicated to the Nordic cooperation in culture and education as a basis of the subregional integration. Nordic countries actively develop interaction in these spheres today both because of the common historical and cultural roots and values and due to pragmatic reasons. Thus, it performs an important utilitarian function by serving the needs of the common labour market in the Nordic region, which faces challenging problems, such as low birth rates and aging of the population. It is formation and development of the common cultural, linguistic, educational, and social space that increase the effectiveness of the Nordic labour market. Special attention in the article is paid to specific tools and forms of cooperation in culture and education aimed at expert personnel training and easy enculturation of Nordic citizens in any country of the region. Wide range of instruments includes co-funded specialized organizations, committees, inter-state cultural funds, theme-based cultural programmes, regional projects and mobility projects, Northern cultural forums, the Nordic Council Prize, etc.

The conception of tolerance in philosophy and linguistics is considered in the article. The article shows the philosophical and sociopolitical nature of the notion “tolerance” together with a special stress on the usage peculiarities of the word “tolerance” in the Russian language. The place of tolerance in the system of values is studied and also its place in the theory of cultural dialogue is defined. There has lately been a discussion among Russian researchers about the phenomenon under consideration - that of tolerance – and its top-importance. The whole terminology ,connected with the problems of tolerance, as well as the very word “tolerance”, are borrowed from English. The analysis of the usage of the Russian equivalents for the term “tolerance” is carried out with the help of the materials devoted to the problems of tolerance. Moreover, an attempt is made to define the status of tolerance as a value of modern society because contemporary philosophy considers tolerance to be one of the fundamental values of the present. As the interaction of cultures is basically a dialogue a modern human being has to overcome stereotypes and become tolerant to realize and appreciate other cultures. Modern society needs some new communication methods based on the respect for different cultures.

The purpose of the paper is to show how to study the semantics of word-formation by new paradigm. The intermediate character of word-formation is one of causes of the complexity of its semantics. Structural linguistics did not find the explanation of such questions as addition of the sense of derived words, semantics of polysemantic derived words by its methods. So these problems can be settled by new methods: cognitive paradigm (cognitivediscoursive approach) using such notions as concept, inference, proposition, prototype. Results: the derivational paradigm can be represented as a propositional structure and one of derivational type as the prototype of derivational category. Text facilitates to determine the meaning of polysemantic derived words. Thanks to inference we receive knowledge about words beyond the text. It is possible to deal with synonymic formants and antonymy of derived words. Each of these problems deserves to be studied separately.

The article focuses on the concept of Understatement as a lingua-cultural category and analyses the main linguistic means of realization of this phenomenon. Besides, some stylistic and pragmalinguistic aspects of Understatement are analyzed from the perspective of a distancing strategy. The researcher is primarily interested in Understatement as a lingua-cultural category relying on historically stipulated cultural traditions of Anglo-Saxon society which gave rise to the forming of the British national character, and which reflect age, gender and social differences of the English. The author does not use the Russian variants of the translation of Understatement in the article, as they do not fully convey all the aspects of denotative and connotative meaning of this concept. Further on it is emphasized that the structure of Understatement is complex, diverse and can be expressed by a variety of lexical as well as grammatical means, among which double negation, modal verbs, the adverbs of degree and particles can often be encountered which are in most cases dependent on the context. From the pragmatic angle Understatement can be used to conceal embarrassment, anxiety or offence. Moreover, Understatement is used while singling out the positive aspects of the communicative situation. The understatement of the positive characteristics of the speaker is reflected in the so called «effect of modesty », which finally boils down to such a strategy as «fishing for compliments», that is an intentional understatement of one’s positive qualities in order to «fish for compliments». Understatement used to and continues to play a special role in the English speech behavior. Its aim is to minimize the impact of the negative factors on the message addressee, to lower the categoricity of the utterance and to take the interlocutor’s interests into account.

Questions of conceptualization of notions are main in recognizing the meanings emerging in the communication process. All levels of the linguistic system are involved in the conceptualization of the surrounding world. In people's minds there are concepts represented lexically, morphologically and syntactically. The role of prosody in the formation of concepts is not investigated yet. The aim of the paper is to validate the process of conceptualization of illocutionary acts on the basis of the perception of the prosodic structure of spoken utterances in a speech interaction. In modern linguistics there are different approaches to the definition of the concept. This article briefly reviews some definitions specific for native linguistics. The notion of the concept being the basis of the present research is a mental image of reality around us, which is stored in the human mind and arises at verbal or visual perception of the linguistic sign. Speech act should be seen as a concept of the speech actions / behavior in a particular situation. It forms both at the level of vocabulary, and at the participation of the prosodic components of speech. Especially the role of prosody increases in the case of one-way communication in the illocutivs with the same lexical composition but different prosodic structures. The factors that determine the formation of concepts of speech acts, are the level stratifications of tone and volume, temporary compression or extension of different zones of expression, rhythm and character of syllabic stress. These phenomena are due to national features and may influence the flow of cross-cultural communication.

The article considers didactic aspects of competence-based and interdisciplinary approaches to teaching accounting for university students. The author proves the necessity to improve the national accounting education aimed at cohesion of theory and practice, production of new knowledge, its spread and usage via innovation activities. The article criticizes traditional approach to typical problem-solving connected with calculations and memorizing double-entries for failing to develop student’s analytical skills. It also promotes case-studies to infuse knowledge and skills enabling students to professionally solve real life like problems which they are likely to face. The article also considers seminars in the light of communication and its frame to inform students of innovation theoretical concepts of accounting. In addition the author looks into changes in the role of the lecture teaching accounting as well as forms and methods of teaching accounting as well as forms and methods of teaching accounting due to access to IT. The article underlines the importance of increased autonomy and self-reliance of students. It also describes professional literature as a key information resource in accounting.

Mistake correction is an important element of teaching a foreign language. It is important to do it in the right way and in a proper time so that students can remember a grammatically correct variant. Here it is necessary to pay attention to a psychological aspect. Some students negatively react to a great number of the teacher’s corrections in their notebooks. In this case it is possible to classify mistakes into grave and minor ones. Besides the teacher should first mention his students’ progress in a particular unit and then the material they ought to revise. Mistakes must be generalized, commented on and analyzed. It is essential not only for improving students’ linguistic knowledge but also for the teacher who can use the data to explain the same material to other students. The teacher will call their attention to certain points so that they can avoid typical mistakes. The article is devoted to various ways of correcting grammar mistakes in writing. The aim of the article is to choose methods that will enable students to improve their writing skills. It briefly describes each of the methods and explains why it may be reasonable to apply it to teaching and why it may be useful for students with different language experience.

The author of the article considers the possibility of enhancing students' motivation and development of their communicative competences in a group work, carried out as a psycholinguistic training in the language of speciality. A psycholinguistic training is treated by the author as an active psychological as well as pedagogical method of influence which further on optimizes professional interaction, self-growth, development of leadership qualities and skills of cooperation. The training carried out in the language of speciality (namely English) signaficantly enhanced the participants' motivation to language learning, oral skills development, language barriers removing, as well as accumulation of positive experience towards oneself and others, communication at large. During the training group work all the participants demonstrated all the stages of group dynamic, high level of performance and emotional involvement into the process. As the author marks out, it is the emotional involvement that positively effected the participants' interaction, their self-realization and language barriers removing. In the training program the following methods were involved: discussion (braistorming, case study, method of synectics), role plays, business role plays, art-therapy and metaforization of the accumulated experience. The results of this experiment prove that such combined programs could be effectively applied in Higher education curriculum.

Nowadays the growing professional orientation of all the aspects of foreign language teaching is widely recognized as the main trend in the process of enhancing the system of foreign language teaching at higher education institutions which specialize in training students majoring in international economic and political relations. In view of the above the article focuses on the role of teaching home reading and analyzes the possibility of its integration into the professionally oriented process of teaching English as a foreign language to would-be economists. Another reason why the issue of teaching home reading is of utmost importance is that due to the prevailing communicative approach in teaching English as a foreign language, coupled with teaching English for professional purposes, some researchers and practising teachers are of the opinion that large-sized literary works are «incompatible» with an efficient foreign language curriculum. Hence, the importance of analyzing the role of such texts in teaching English given its increasing professionalization. According to the author, the specific features of reading literature in a foreign language make it an irreplaceable and useful resource for a wide range of linguistic competences. However, its competence forming potential can only be fully realized if certain general and specifically professional criteria for choosing a literary text for a home reading class are implemented. Such criteria are as follows: the reader’s emotional involvement with the plot and the problems raised in a book; a low degree of linguistic and cultural deviations; popular literary genres; clear professional orientation of a text. The author goes on to analyze the professionally oriented novels by J.Grisham and J.Mead and concludes that they can be successfully incorporated into professionally oriented process of teaching English, as they fully satisfy all the above criteria and, moreover, represent a unique resource for a wide spectrum of professional competences of a future economist, both linguistic and non-linguistic (e.g. sociocultural and analytical competences). In addition, the learning aids written by the author encourage students to treat the text of the books as a source of professionally meaningful information.